Kinetics of Solvent Blue and Reactive Yellow removal using microwave radiation in combination with nanoscale zero-valent iron

We investigated the efficiency and kinetics of the degradation of soluble dyes over the p H range 5.0–9.0 using a method employing microwave radiation in combination with nanoscale zero-valent iron(MW–n ZVI). The n ZVI particles(40–70 nm in diameter) were prepared by a liquid-phase chemical reduction method employing starch as a dispersant.Compared to the removal of Solvent Blue 36 and Reactive Yellow K-RN using only n ZVI,more rapid and efficient dye removal and total organic carbon removal were achieved using MW–n ZVI. The dye removal efficiency increased significantly with decreasing p H, but was negligibly affected by variation in the microwave power. The kinetics of dye removal by MW–n ZVI followed both an empirical equation and the pseudo first-order model, while the kinetics of dye removal using n ZVI could only be described by an empirical equation. It was also concluded that microwave heating of the dye solutions as well as acceleration of corrosion of n ZVI and consumption of Fe(II) were possible reasons behind the enhanced dye degradation.     

Photodegradation of methylmercury in Jialing River of Chongqing, China

Photodegradation(PD) of methylmercury(MMHg) is a key process of mercury(Hg) cycling i water systems, maintaining MMHg at a low level in water systems. However, we posses little knowledge of this important process in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China. In sit incubation experiments were thus performed to measure temporal patterns and influencin factors of MMHg PD in this river. The results showed that MMHg underwent a ne demethylation process under solar radiation in the water column, which predominantl occurred in surface waters. For surface water, the highest PD rate constants were observed i spring(12 × 10-3± 1.5 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), followed by summer(9.0 × 10~(-3)± 1.2 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), autum(1.4 × 10~(-3)± 0.12 × 10~(-3)m~2/E), and winter(0.78 × 10~(-3)± 0.11 × 10~(-3)m~2/E). UV-A radiatio(320–400 nm), UV-B radiation(280–320 nm), and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR400–700 nm) accounted for 43%–64%, 14%–31%, and 16%–45% of MMHg PD, respectively. PD rat constants varied substantially with the treatments that filtered the river water and amended with chemicals(i.e., Cl-, NO_3~-, dissolved organic matter(DOM), Fe(III)), which reveals tha suspended particulate matter and water components are important factors in affecting the PD process. For the entire water column, the PD rate constant determined for each wavelengt range decreased rapidly with water depth. UV-A, UV-B, and PAR contributed 27%–46%, 6.2%12%, and 42%–65% to the PD process, respectively. PD flux was estimated to be 4.7 μg/(m~2·yea in the study site. Our results are very important to understand the cycling characteristics o MMHg in the Jialing River of Chongqing, China.     

中国工业出口能力结构与环境污染的关联分析研究

在依据出口能力不同对中国工业行业进行分类的基础上,利用灰色关联分析,定量比较了出口能力不同工业行业对环境污染的影响差异;通过构造环境影响系数,分析了依出口能力差异划分的工业结构变动对环境污染的影响趋势。研究表明,中国出口能力强的工业行业对环境污染影响较大,目前的工业行业出口能力结构变动趋势对环境污染有减轻迹象,适度降低工业行业结构中出口能力强行业的比重,有助于减轻中国环境污染压力。     

Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism

To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55%(0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to –NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the –NH further combined with –OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.     

应用区间层次分析法(IAHP)研究高层建筑火灾安全因素

高层建筑物的火灾安全影响因素繁多,其对建筑物火灾安全性的影响不容易确定,采用传统的层次分析法对某些因子的影响权重进行确定时难度较大.本文采用区间层次分析法来解决这一问题.首先建立影响高层建筑火灾安全的层次分析模型,然后用区间层次分析法确定影响因子,采用区间数特征根法求出各个火灾安全因子的权重值,并进行一致性检验.研究表明,影响高层建筑火灾安全的因子从大到小依次为:安全疏散措施、管理与维护、消防设施、报警与灭火系统、阻燃与防火结构,得到了每个因子的权重.采用同样的方法确定了每个影响因子的子因子的权重及重要性排序.其结果与实际情况基本相符.表明在进行高层建筑火灾安全性评估时,区间层次分析法是一种较好的方法.     

体育赛场人群疏散过程滞留人数定量模型研究

体育赛场历史事故统计分析表明,出口堵塞为导致人群拥挤踩踏事故发生的主要原因.滞留人群是疏散过程最常见的一种人流形式,同时也是拥挤踩踏事故风险的主要承载体.基于人群流量与人群密度关系建立了体育赛场时间维变量的滞留人数定量模型.体育赛场看台不同宽度出口人群疏散计算结果表明,滞留人数不仅对人群疏散时间有直接影响,而且与事故发生概率之间存在一定的关系.该模型可用于指导体育赛场出口设计,疏散路线选择及应急预案的编制等.     

Birth outcomes of infants born in areas with elevated ambient exposure to incinerator generated PCDD/Fs

The purpose of this study was to determine if elevated ambient exposure to incinerator generated polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) may affect birth outcomes of exposed infants born in Taipei metropolitan areas, Taiwan. The relationships between exposure to elevated PCDD/Fs concentration and various birth outcomes including birth weight, gestational age, and proportion of females were cross-sectionally assessed in 1991 (one year before the incinerator started to operate) and 1997 (five years later), respectively. We used the US EPA Industrial Source Complex Model-Sort Term modeling technique to determine the ambient PCDD/Fs concentrations in the study areas, in which 40 districts with annual averaged PCDD/Fs exposure of > or = 0.03 pg TEQ/m3 were considered as the exposed areas and another 40 districts with an estimated concentration of zero were randomly selected as reference areas. Information on birth outcomes was retrieved from the Taiwan's Birth Registry. A total of 6697 and 6282 neonates were included in the analysis for 1991 and 1997, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, the results showed that the odds ratios (ORs) of low birth weight (< 2500 g) for higher exposures were 0.94 (> 0.05 pg TEQ/m3) and 091 (0.03-0.05 pg TEQ/m3) in 1991 and were 1.07 (> 0.05 pg TEQ/m3) and 1.06 (0.03-0.05 pg TEQ/m3) in 1997. The corresponding ORs were 1.05/0.86 (1991) and 1.12/1.22 (1997) for preterm (< 37 completed weeks of gestation), as well as 0.95/1.00 (1991) and 0.95/0.90 (1997) for female births. The above ORs were all close to unity and were statistically insignificant. When birth weight was analyzed as a continuous variable, the difference in mean birth weight between exposed group (> 0.03 pg TEQ/m3) and reference group decreased from 3.02 g in 1991 to -5.87 g in 1997. Analysis of continuous data also showed that the mean difference in gestational age between exposed and reference areas decreased from 0.05 weeks in 1991 to -0.09 week (p<0.05) in 1997. This study tends to conclude that the incinerator generated dioxin poses little effects on birth weight and female birth, but might pose small effects on gestational age. If the observed adverse effects turn out to be real, the measures now taken for improvement of abatement of waste gases seem to be a wise thing to do.     

Comparing forest fragmentation and its drivers in China and the USA with Globcover v2.2

Forest loss and fragmentation are of major concern to the international community, in large part because they impact so many important environmental processes. The main objective of this study was to assess the differences in forest fragmentation patterns and drivers between China and the conterminous United States (USA). Using the latest 300-m resolution global land cover product, Globcover v2.2, a comparative analysis of forest fragmentation patterns and drivers was made. The fragmentation patterns were characterized by using a forest fragmentation model built on the sliding window analysis technique in association with landscape indices. Results showed that China’s forests were substantially more fragmented than those of the USA. This was evidenced by a large difference in the amount of interior forest area share, with China having 48% interior forest versus the 66% for the USA. China’s forest fragmentation was primarily attributed to anthropogenic disturbances, driven particularly by agricultural expansion from an increasing and large population, as well as poor forest management practices. In contrast, USA forests were principally fragmented by natural land cover types. However, USA urban sprawl contributed more to forest fragmentation than in China. This is closely tied to the USA’s economy, lifestyle and institutional processes. Fragmentation maps were generated from this study, which provide valuable insights and implications regarding habitat planning for rare and endangered species. Such maps enable development of strategic plans for sustainable forest management by identifying areas with high amounts of human-induced fragmentation, which improve risk assessments and enable better targeting for protection and remediation efforts. Because forest fragmentation is a long-term, complex process that is highly related to political, institutional, economic and philosophical arenas, both nations need to take effective and comprehensive measures to mitigate the negative effects of forest loss and fragmentation on the existing forest ecosystems.     

臭氧氧化法处理印染废水

本实验通过印染废水处理装置的建立,研究了臭氧处理印染废水的消耗量与废水ＣＯＤ值变化、废水色度去除率的关系,,以及不同ｐＨ值的印染废水和臭氧处理时间的关系。实验结果表明：经过处理后废水的ＣＯＤ却除率为３３９％,色度去除率为９９９％。     

纳氏试剂光度法测定废水中氨氮的问题讨论

应用纳氏试剂比色法测定废水中的氨氮时,水样显色后稳定时间短,影响测定结果的准确性,针对这一问题进行了实验研究。实验中对主要影响因素Ｉ－和ＯＨ－的浓度变化进行了条件实验,结果表明选用所配的Ⅲ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．５ｇ）,可获得稳定的有色胶体,也可采用Ⅰ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．０ｇ）、在中和硼酸后再多加２ｍＬＮａＯＨ（１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,也可获得稳定的有色胶体。