Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter (DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio (20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg (F3, 46%-60%); while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide (F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance (C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less MeHg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658% (C/N 20), 1400% (C/N 26) and 139% (C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.     

复杂环境下有毒气体泄漏侦检与应急救援

结合二维GIS的宏观性、整体性和三维GIS场景的局部性、现实性、直观性优点,建立二、三维一体化应急GIS平台,为复杂环境气体泄漏侦检和应急救援提供有效的平台支撑,并以此为基础实现有毒气体泄漏侦检、警戒范围设定、事故模拟、应急救援等功能。     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

南京市秋季细颗粒物及臭氧生成敏感性初探

为考察江苏省南部地区重点排放源对南京市秋季细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的贡献率及O_3生成敏感性,采用强力法针对特定排放源及污染物设置不同的排放情景,利用化学传输模拟系统Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality(CMAQ)分析模拟区域内不同情景下地表PM_(2.5)及O_3浓度变化。2012年10月,电厂、钢铁和水泥的污染物排放对南京市PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为6.0%、25.5%和15.9%,对国控站点的贡献率分别为7.2%、17.7%和16.2%。钢铁对下风向区域的地表PM_(2.5)浓度的影响显著高于电厂及水泥部门的排放。从不同情境下模拟O_3地表浓度变化结果看出,南京市城区及下风向区域的O_3浓度随VOC排放削减降低,随NO_x排放削减升高,因而判定南京市秋季O_3生成属于VOC控制区。     

垃圾填埋场区域氨氮污染地下水的修复方案比选

早期建设的简易生活垃圾填埋场的防渗措施不足,易发生渗漏,造成填埋场周围地下水的氨氮浓度升高。文章针对华中地区某垃圾填埋场区域氨氮污染地下水,提出抽取处理加异位生物修复、空气注入加原位生物修复两种修复方案,并采用AHP-TOPSIS(层次分析法-逼近理想排序)方法进行方案的比选。在建立合适的比选指标体系基础上,采用AHP-TOPSIS方法进行综合比选研究。结果表明,空气注入+原位生物修复技术更适合于该区域地下水的修复。TOPSIS方法由于缺乏确定评价指标权重的过程,在层次多元分析中的应用受到限制,而AHP是多层次多因素权重确定的有效工具,将二者结合起来,先由AHP确定指标权重,再运用TOPSIS对备选地下水修复方案进行排序,从而弥补了二者各自的不足。AHP-TOPSIS方法可作为环境工作者进行场地修复方案比选的有效工具。     

石化装置综合风险分析方法研究

为有针对性地对石化装置失效后果进行风险分析和经济风险计算,将RB.eye软件与API 581相结合,提出一种创新的石化装置综合风险分析研究方法。首先对一套装置中的设备和管道使用RB.eye软件得到风险矩阵进行风险分级,根据分级结果,筛选出高风险设备和管道。然后对筛选出的设备和管道运用API 581进行后果风险分析。并运用此方法研究催化重整预处理装置。结果表明:将RB.eye软件与API 581相结合的方法能够快速筛选风险分析目标,有助于有针对性地进行后果风险分析。     

河流污染事故重建系统

河流污染事故发生后,需要根据检测数据,对污染源进行科学估计.所用软件操作应简单易行,并迅速获得满足一定精度要求的数值解.基于MATLAB和Visual C++技术,对河流污染事故分别在一维及二维的情况下进行了模拟,并将多种模拟结果可视化.另外,系统应用贝叶斯理论,结合河流污染物质扩散模拟模型和监测数据估计污染源的时间、位置和强度等重要参数,采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法进行后验推断,对污染源泄漏时间、地点和污染源强度等参数进行可能性估计.     

公众风险感知的定量计算方法与应用研究

结合风险感知影响因子的研究,通过对风险的概念性剖析,将客观与主观性概念相整合提出了一个相对简单,但具有较强应用性的方法并应用于风险感知的定量化研究中.模型是通过定量的方式表达出人们的风险厌恶和风险接受等心理上的风险特征.该方法整合了个体风险效率Reff和相对感知影响因子(PAF)的权重平均值,模型的核心理念是基于心理测量范式方法.在模型中给每一个PAF分配1个相关权重以代表其影响力大小.权重值的量化过程通过目标一组的方式(如专家、大众)或者心理测量范式的方法进行.对可选择性的PAF生成过程与权重值的计算方法进行了详细阐述.同时,利用专家工作组的数据进行了真实性检验.检验结果表明:模型能够应用于标准化与技术性的个体风险感知定量分析,如用于改善并加强专家与大众之间的风险沟通,减小他们之间的风险感知差异等;另外,该方法能够解释风险感知水平的差异是如何形成的,但并不能解释为什么形成了这样的差异.该结构化的计算模型的建立过程既没有过多地考虑社会-文化因子,也没有考虑历史背景,因为这两个影响因子的影响是十分微弱的.     

Rapid degradation of carbon tetrachloride by commercial micro-scale zinc powder assisted by citric acid

We developed an effective method for degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) in contaminated water. Zinc metal as a reducing agent for CT in aqueous solutions has been previously studied in some detail, but the rapid corrosion of zinc surface usually reduces its efficiency in removing CT. We assumed that citric acid could enhance the degradation of CT by zinc powder due to the elimination of a passivation layer of Zn(II) (hydr)oxides on the surface of zinc powder through chelating of organic ligands with Zn(II) produced from the reaction and keeping the exposure of active sites to targets. Here the influence of citric acid on the decomposing of CT by commercial micro-scale zinc powder was investigated in a pH range of 3.5–7.5 at 25°C in batch experiments. Reaction mixtures were analysed by gas chromatography/headspace analysis, and Cl⁻ concentration was determined by turbidimetry. The results demonstrate that the degradation of CT by zinc metal alone is very weak, but the addition of citric acid can assist zinc powder to decompose CT more completely and rapidly at all pHs. Degradation of CT took place mainly in the first 10 min of reaction, coupled with 75–95% of CT removal. Maximum dechlorination percentage (82.4%) of CT was obtained at pH 5.5. In that case, chloroform and dichloromethane, as main intermediates, were found at low levels during the whole reaction, suggesting that CT may be sequentially and multiply degraded so quickly that methane is yielded before the intermediates can be desorbed and released to aqueous solution. When compared with the current methods of nano-scale zinc and bimetallic systems, the application of commercial micro-scale zinc particles assisted by organic ligands is of environmental significance since it allows decontamination of aqueous chlorinated organic compounds at low cost and with high efficiency.