中国人不会使世界挨饿

本文通过对中国国土资源食物生产潜力的比较全面、系统的分析,认为中国只要举国上下支持、保护和发展农业,强化国家对农业的主导作用,建立食物安全保障体系,认真执行＂米袋子＂省长负责制,加大对农业特别是对科技的投入力度,面向国土,开发国土,充分、合理利用国土,并相应地建立起具有中国特色的包括耕地、草地、林地、海洋和野生生物资源的食物来源的五大生产体系、符合中国国情的、具有浓厚东方色彩的消费体系、节粮体系以及推行人口计划控制政策,虽农业发展具有艰巨性,但前景依然是光明的。跨越新世纪,中国人定能养活中国人,中国人不会使世界挨饿。     

根分泌物对根际重金属动态的影响

介绍了采用上，下分根试验，使水稻根系下部生长在不同浓度铁营养液中，研究不同供铁处理对不同品种水稻吸收生金属和微量元素及其在体内转移和运输的影响。结果表明缺铁处理时常优８７－８８品种的植株地下部铁含量仅为正常供铁处理的５８％，而Ｃｄ，Ｚｎ的含量却比正常供的植株高１．４倍；缺铁时远诱一号和科长８９－１１３两个品种植株地上部含铁量也比正常供铁时低，但差异不如常优８７－８８明显，Ｃｄ，Ｚｎ含量比正常供铁时     

辽宁省地表水监测地理信息系统的开发与设计

按辽宁省水污染治理项目进行地表水监测地理信息系统的设计与开发 ,使系统具有面向多用户 ,业务功能完善和多种类型数据管理的目标。设计以ARC/INFOR为平台 ,DELPHI为开发工具 ,采用面向对象的开发方法 ,采用CLIENT/SEVER为体系结构对系统进行开发和设计。主要介绍系统构成以及系统功能     

宁镇山脉岩基岩浆的化学演化

本文根据四个杂岩体中主要矿物的化学成分和全岩主要元素资料,利用T·L·Wright(1984)提供的质量平衡计算程序来模拟它们的成因,然后再用微量元素来检验和完善上述模式。定量模拟结果表明,分离结晶作用是造成这些杂岩体在岩石学和地球化学上分异的主要原因,并可用斜长石,角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和榍石的分步分离来解释各杂岩体的成分变化,但对每一个杂岩体来说矿物分离比例可大不相同。微量元素的检验结果和主要元素的模拟趋势基本一致,但分离矿物的绝对值可不完全相同。     

北京大气颗粒物的粉晶X射线物相鉴定

本工作采用丙酮一二碘甲烷重液体系,对北京的大气颗粒物进行了密度梯度分级处理.各级样品的X射线粉晶衍射分析表明,其中含有十七种物相.对污染物来源作了初步讨论.     

环境影响评价有效性及其建设途径探讨

概要综述了环境影响评价有效性研究的进展，从系统和整体角度探讨了ＥＩＡ有效性的涵义，并从加强ＥＩＡ国家能力建设，建立ＥＩＡ有效干预规划及设计程序的交流机制，以及在ＥＩＡ体系中加入有关系落实ＥＩＡ跟进及监察工作的内容等方面，探讨了ＥＩＡ有效性的建设途径。     

Influence of ultrasonication on anaerobic bioconversion of sludge.

The influence of ultrasonication on hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis in anaerobic decomposition of sludge was investigated. The sonicated sludge exhibited prehydrolysis and preacidogenesis effects in the anaerobic decomposition process. First-order hydrolysis rates increased from 0.0384 day(-1) in the control digester to 0.0672 day(-1) in the digester fed, with sludge sonicated at 0.52 W/mL. The sonication appeared to be ineffective in relation to acidogenesis reaction rates, but it provided a better buffering capacity to diminish the adverse effect of acidification. Digesters fed with sonicated sludge demonstrated enhanced methanogenesis over the control unit. Determination by coenzyme F420 verified that sonication is able to promote the growth of methanogenic biomass and facilitate a positive methanogenic microbial development in suppressing the initial methanogenesis limitation. The results suggest that ultrasonication could enhance anaerobic decomposition of sludge, resulting in an accelerated bioconversion, improved organics degradation, improved biogas production, and increased methane content.     

Regional distribution of organochlorinated pesticides in pine needles and its indication for socioeconomic development

The regional distribution of 10 potentially harmful organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) was investigated in pine needles from 18 sites in six Chinese regions. The OCPs concentrations in six regions were as follows: sigmaHCH (sigmaHCH=alpha-+beta-+gamma-+delta-HCH), 4.7-51.5 ng/g; sigmaDDT (p,p'-DDT+p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD), 0.9-30.9 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigmachlordane (cis-chlordane+trans-chlordane), no detected-4.3 ng/g, on dry weight basis. Samples from southeast Chinese area contained the highest concentrations of sigmaHCH, sigmaDDT and sigmachlordane, while the contamination levels of most OCPs in southwest Chinese area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 1.7 to 5) were observed to be noticeable increase from north to south China, and the ratio of 1.7 revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane in north Chinese area. The significant decrease of the sum concentrations of alpha-+gamma-HCH from mid-1980s to the present and the strong correlation between alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-HCH (r=0.87-0.98, n=18, p<0.05) indicated the main usage of the technical HCH in history in China. The p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT ratios of <1 revealed the new input of p,p'-DDT in south, southeast and southwest Chinese areas, which could be partly contributed to the new use of impure dicofol. Economic development will leave its mark in the environment, however, its impact on the input and distribution of OCPs on a regional scale is unknown. We attempted to use the socioeconomic index (gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) to explain the distribution and input of OCPs and found that HCB and sigmaDDT seemed to be linked to the economic development, while no relationship of HCH was observed. DDE% of sigmaDDT also showed a negative correlation with the GDP per capita.     

广州郊区农业土壤重金属含量与土壤性质的关系

研究了广州郊区农业土壤性质和土壤中的重金属含量,并对2者的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明:广州郊区农业土壤中壤土占样品总数的70.5%,土壤pH值平均为5.93,土壤有机质平均含量为31 7g·kg-1,土壤阳离子交换量不高,且各区之间变幅较大;Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd、As和Hg有效态含量在3种土壤中顺序为菜园土>水稻土>赤红壤;土壤重金属和土壤理化性质间的关系复杂,如有效态Cu、Zn、Ni与土壤有机质含量呈极显著相关,Cd与土壤有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量呈极显著相关,As除与有机质含量和粘粒含量有关,与pH、阳离子交换量也有极显著相关关系。     

Organohalogenated compounds in pine needles from Beijing city, China

Pine needles collected from 22 sites of six areas in Beijing city, China, were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) combined with organic extraction for extractable organohalogens (EOX) and extractable persistent organohalogens (EPOX). The concentrations of EOX (EOX = ECl + EOBr + EOI) were in the order of EOCl > EOBr > EOI. About 1.6-34% of EOCl remained as extractable persistent organochlorine (EPOCl) after treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid, which suggested that major fractions of EOCl in pine needles were an acid-liable or acid-soluble fraction. The fact that pine needle contained higher EOCl contents in chemical industrial and traffic hub areas indicated that chemical industries and exhaust emission from vehicle were the main sources of organochlorines in the Beijing's air. The relative proportions of the known organochlorines (such as HCHs, DDTs, chlordanes, HCB and PCBs) to total EOCl and EPOCl were 0.32-0.76% and 2.5-11.4%, respectively, which implied that a major portion of the EOCl and EPOCl measured in pine needles was unknown. The organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and PCBs concentrations in six areas were as follows: sigma HCH (sigma HCH = alpha- + beta- + gamma- + delta-HCH), 11.7-20.8 ng/g; sigma DDT (p,p'-DDT + p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD), 12.5-113.3 ng/g; hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1.1-5.3 ng/g; sigma chlordane (cis-chlordane + trans-chlordane + heptachlor), 1.7-9.5 ng/g, sigma PCB, 41.8-270.5 ng/g, on dry weight basis. The samples from chemical industrial area and residential area nearby chemical industries contained the highest concentrations of sigma DDT, HCB, sigma chlordane and sigma PCB, while the contamination levels of most OCPs and PCBs in iron-steel industrial area were the lowest. The ratios of alpha/gamma-HCH (ranged from 0.9-1.5) and p,p'-DDT/DDTs (ranged from 72.1% to 91.0%) revealed the presence of the recent use of lindane and DDTs or impure dicofol in Beijing.