Exposure of acid aerosol for schoolchildren in metropolitan Taipei

Metropolitan Taipei, which is located in the subtropical area, is characterized by high population and automobile densities. For convenience, most primary schools are located near major roads. This study explores the exposure of acid aerosols for schoolchildren in areas in Taipei with different traffic densities. Acid aerosols were collected by using a honeycomb denuder filter pack sampling system (HDS). Experimental results indicated that the air pollutants were significantly correlated with traffic densities. The ambient air NO₂, SO₂, HNO₃, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and aerosol acidity concentrations were 31.3 ppb, 4.7 ppb, 1.3 ppb, 1.9 μg m⁻³, 18.5 μg m⁻³, and 49.5 nmol m⁻³ in high traffic density areas, and 6.1 ppb, 1.8 ppb, 0.9 ppb, 0.7 μg m⁻³, 8.8 μg m⁻³ and 14.7 nmol m⁻³ in low traffic density areas. The exposure levels of acid aerosols for schoolchildren would be higher than the measurements because the sampling height was 5 m above the ground. The SO₂ levels were low (0.13–8.03 ppb) in the metropolitan Taipei. However, the SO₄²⁻ concentrations were relatively high, and might be attributed to natural emissions of sulfur-rich geothermal sources. The seasonal variations of acid aerosol concentrations were also observed. The high levels of acidic particles in spring time may be attributed to the Asian dust storm and low height of the mixture layer. We conclude that automobile contributed not only the primary pollutants but also the secondary acid aerosols through the photochemical reaction. Schoolchildren were exposed to twice the acid aerosol concentrations in high traffic density areas compared to those in low traffic density areas. The incidence of allergic rhinitis of schoolchildren in the high traffic density areas was the highest in spring time. Accompanied by high temperature variation and high levels of air pollution in spring, the health risk of schoolchildren had been observed.     

污泥回流比对厌氧/好氧工艺除磷效果影响的研究

以长距离输送的合流制污水为进水,考察不同污泥回流比下厌氧/好氧(A/O)工艺对COD、N、P的去除效果,深入研究污泥回流比对生物除P代谢过程的影响.结果表明,污泥回流比对COD及NH+4-N的去除没有明显影响,但对TN、TP、PO3-4-P的去除影响较大.随着污泥回流比的增大,聚磷菌(PAO)的厌氧释P量逐渐减小,P的去除率逐渐降低.减小污泥回流比,可延长A/O工艺厌氧池实际HRT,增加PAO在厌氧池可有效利用的碳源,使PAO在厌氧池充分释P,从而提高除P效率.     

大型钢铁企业尘污染总量控制优化

以我国某大钢企业为实例,综合考虑产品产量,治理费用,除尘技术,排污总量,建立了大型钢铁企业尘污染总量控制制优化模型。模型的求解结果提供了不同排污总量限值下的除尘类型优化组合方案,并揭示了排污总量与投资费用之间的定量关系。     

短链氯化石蜡分析方法、环境行为与健康效应的研究进展

氯化石蜡(chlorinated paraffins, CPs)是我国目前广泛应用在工业生产中的阻燃剂和增塑剂,其中短链氯化石蜡(short chain chlorinated paraffins, SCCPs)作为新污染物,因具有持久性、高毒性、长距离迁移特性和生物蓄积性等持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants, POPs)特性引起了国内外的关注,尤其是SCCPs的环境赋存对环境健康的危害亟需进一步研究. 国内对SCCPs的研究集中在分析方法与环境行为等方面,对SCCPs的环境健康效应研究较少. 本文总结了近年来SCCPs分析方法的研究进展,并对其环境健康效应进行了梳理. 结果表明,SCCPs已被证实具有潜在的毒性效应,并且随着时间的推移,SCCPs在环境介质中的暴露浓度越来越高,因此SCCPs的环境外暴露对人体健康的潜在威胁越来越大. 研究显示,我国尚未停止SCCPs的生产与使用,因此在我国“十四五”规划之际,应加快SCCPs分析方法的研究进程,利用高分辨质谱将SCCPs的分析方法规范与标准化,并且在研究SCCPs的环境行为、迁移转化机制与毒性效应的基础上,深入开展SCCPs人体暴露风险与健康效应评估的研究,建立有效的环境健康风险评价模型与机制.      

湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的调研

在对湖北省造纸行业的现状进行调查、摸底的基础上 ,通过对企业利润与治污成本的分析 ,并结合国家的有关产业技术政策 ,提出了湖北省造纸行业污染防治和结构调整的意见与建议。     

杭州西湖水中四种重金属的形态分布和交换过程研究

研究了西湖水中铜，锰，锌和镉的溶解态和颗粒态的含量分布 ，月变化动脉及水平方向地动态交换，以揭示铜，锰，锌和镉在西湖水中不同相太的分布和迁移转化特征，得出西湖水中重金属的环境现状。     

Assessment of estrogen disrupting potency in animal foodstuffs of China by combined biological and chemical analyses

Food has been documented as one of major routes for human exposure to environmental estrogens（EEs）, but information on the occurrence of EEs in animal foodstuffs is still scarce.This study analyzed estrogenic activity in 16 types of animal foodstuffs（n = 142） collected from four cities（Wuhan, Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Yantai） of China by combined yeast estrogen screen（YES） bioassay and chemical analysis. By bioassay, all samples＇ extracts were found to induce estrogenic activities and the bioassay-derived 17β-estradiol equivalent（EEQbio） ranged from 8.29 to 118.32 ng/g. In addition, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for further chemical analysis. 17β-Estradiol was found in all samples in this survey at levels of 0.44 to 15.04 ng/g.All samples had 33.1% detection rate of 17α-ethinylestradiol（EE2）, and the maximum concentration was 2.80 ng/g. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenols were detected in 83.8% and83.1% of samples, with concentrations up to 12.56 ng/g and 35.76 ng/g, respectively.However, the concentrations of estrone, diethylstilbestrol and 4-t-octylphenol were found to be below the limit of detection. A comparison of EEQbiomeasured from the YES assay and EEQchemcalculated from chemical analysis showed good correlation（R2= 0.84）. Based on the results, the YES assay can be used as a rapid pre-screening method for monitoring the levels of estrogenic activity in large numbers of animal foodstuffs, and chemical analysis used in combination can be used for the identification of specific EEs.     

北京市实行机动车排放欧洲标准的环境效果分析

以2005年为基准年,在全面调查北京市城区道路交通、机动车保有运营状况的基础上建立机动车污染源排放清单,并借助ADMS-城市模型建立机动车污染物扩散模型,对北京市城区内的机动车污染物浓度进行了模拟;对国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ标准实施的污染物排放量变化及其对大气环境质量的影响进行回顾性评估,并预测实施国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ标准后,在未来能取得的污...     

反相乳液聚合制备阳离子聚丙烯酰胺及其絮凝性能评价

研究了单体浓度、单体配比、反应温度、引发剂用量等因素对所制备的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺特性粘度、转化率、阳离子度的影响,并对产品的污水絮凝性能进行了评价。较佳的制备条件为:单体浓度为45%,单体配比为7∶3,引发剂用量m(引发剂)/m(单体)为0.5%,引发温度为45℃。用红外光谱对共聚物进行了结构表征,结果表明聚合物中有六元氮杂环的存在,达到预定要求。对共聚物进行了油田污水絮凝性能评价,研究表明单独使用自制阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)时浊度的去除率为86.22%,COD去除率为87.95%,与聚合氯化铝复配使用时浊度去除率提高到92.91%,COD去除率提高到92.68%。     

试探黄河近代三角洲的优势、问题及对策

黄河近代三角洲拥有丰富的天然油气资源、土地资源、生物资源和水资源、并具有建深水港条件,但由于黄河尾闾流路多变,油、气资源发现较晚,生态环境脆弱和文化教育程度低等原因,长期以来,国民经济发展规模、速度和水平远不及长江和珠江两个三角洲。为振兴三角洲经济、开发富饶资源,其对策是:稳定黄河尾闾流路,加速黄河海港建设,大力发展以石油和农产品为中心的工业生产,狠抓中低产田改造,建设农牧渔业基地,保护自然环境,建立良性循环的生态系统。