Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii,by microborers and sponges of French Polynesia

The composition, distribution and infestation sequence of organisms that destroy the commercially valuable shells of the black oyster Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii Jameson, 1901 were studied. Three ecologically different groups of boring (euendolithic) organisms were identified: (1) phototrophic boring microorganisms (cyanobacteria, Hyella caespitosa, Hyella sp., Mastigocoleus testarum, Plectonema terebrans, and green algae, Phaeophila dendroides, Ostreobium quekettii); (2) heterotrophic boring microorganisms (fungi, Ostracoblabe implexa); (3) filter-feeding boring organisms (sponges, Cliona margaritiferae, C. vastifica). The phototrophic endoliths dominate the external pristmatic region of the shell, whereas the valuable interior nacreous region is attacked mainly by heterotrophs. Boring patterns reflect in part the shape and behaviour of the organisms and in part the structural properties of the shell, and inflict different types of damage. Infestation starts with microbial borers, which prepare the conditions for later invasion by more damaging clionid sponges. The infestation begins always at the apex, the oldest part of the shells, from which the periostracum is often removed by natural attrition or by cleaning procedure. The rate of bioerosion in 1 yr-old hatchery shells is 36 times higher than in natural populations.     

微孔扩散管曝气试验

本文综术字在污水处理站使用离心鼓风机穿孔管大气泡浅 支暴气所引起的溶解氧不足。     

Effects of advanced traffic signal status warning systems on vehicle emission reductions at signalized intersections

Signalized intersections have been identified as vehicle emission hotspots, where drivers decelerate, idle, and accelerate their vehicles in response to signal changes. Advanced traffic signal status warning systems (ATSSWSs) can be applied to reduce traffic emissions at intersections by mitigating unnecessary braking and acceleration. In this study, two types of ATSSWSs, variable message sign (VMS) based and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) based, were designed, and their environmental effectiveness was evaluated through driving simulator-based experiments. Three scenarios were designed and tested: (1) baseline without an ATSSWS, (2) with the VMS-based ATSSWS, and (3) with the V2I-based ATSSWS. The Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator model was used to evaluate and compare the environmental effectiveness of these two types of ATSSWSs. The results indicate that the proposed ATSSWSs can reduce traffic emissions at signalized intersections. In particular, the V2I-based ATSSWS can substantially reduce CO₂, NOx, CO, and HC emissions. The results will help transportation practitioners with implementing advanced driver information systems and decision making on emission reduction policies.

Implications: Signalized intersection has been identified as one of hottest spots for vehicle emissions where signal control causes vehicles to frequently decelerate, idle, and accelerate. Advanced Traffic Signal Status Warning Systems (ATSSWS) can be applied to reduce traffic emission at intersections by decreasing vehicles’ unnecessary brakes and accelerations. The results of this study will assist transportation practitioners in implementing advanced driver information systems and making decisions on emission reduction policies.     

不同功能区空气负离子的监测分析

监测了西宁地区不同功能区空气负离子状况，以公园游览区空气负离子浓度最高，平均３５８个／ｃｍ＾３；工业区最低，平均浓度２５９个／ｃｍ＾３。各功能区空气负离子浓度明显不同，Ｐ〈０．０１。用空气负离子浓度、空气离子单级系数和安培空气质量评价指数评价各功能区空气质量，从好到差依次为：公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁忙区、工业区。３种评价指标结果相同，符合一般规律。     

污染土壤的微波辐照技术研究进展

简要介绍了土壤污染的状况,总结了国外学者对重金属和有机物两大类污染土壤所进行的微波修复工作,探讨了修复机理及影响因素,最后展望了微波修复污染土壤的研究重点.     

The styrene purification performance of biotrickling filter with toluene-styrene acclimatization under acidic conditions

The obvious disadvantages of biotrickling filters (BTFs) are the long start-up time and low removal efficiency (RE) when treating refractory hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which limits its industrial application. It is worthwhile to investigate how to reduce the start-up period of the BTF for treating hydrophobic VOCs. Here, we present the first study to evaluate the strategy of toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization during start-up in a laboratory-scale BTF inoculated with activated sludge for styrene removal, as well as the effects of styrene inlet concentration (0.279 to 2.659 g·m^?3), empty bed residence time (EBRT) (i.e., 136, 90, 68, 45, 34 sec), humidity (7.7% to 88.9%), and pH (i.e., 4, 3, 2.5, 2) on the performance of the BTF system. The experiments were carried out under acidic conditions (pH 4.5) to make fungi dominant in the BTF. The start-up period for styrene in the BTF was shortened to about 28 days. A maximum elimination capacity (EC_max) of 126 g·m^?3·hr^?1 with an RE of 80% was attained when styrene inlet loading rate (ILR) was below 180 g·m^?3·hr^?1. The highest styrene RE(s) [of BTF] that could be achieved were 95% and 93.4%, respectively, for humidity of 7.7% and at pH 2. A single dominant fungal strain was isolated and identified as Candida palmioleophila strain MA-M11 based on the 26S ribosomal RNA gene. Overall, the styrene induction with the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization could markedly reduce the start-up period and enhance the RE of styrene. The BTF dominated by fungi exhibited good performance under low pH and humidity and great potential in treating styrene with higher inlet concentrations.

Implications: The application of the toluene induction combined with toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization demonstrated to be a promising approach for the highly efficient removal of styrene. The toluene induction can accelerate biofilm formation, and the adaptability of microorganisms to styrene can be improved rapidly by the toluene-styrene synchronous acclimatization. The integrated application of two technologies can shorten the start-up period of biotrickling filters markedly and promote its industrial application.     

基于脆弱性的地下水污染监测网多目标优化方法

区域地下水监测井的优化布设对于区域地下水系统管理有很重要的作用.为了以最少的监测费用最大化地获取区域污染风险和污染现状信息,以监测井数量最小、区域污染监测有效性最大、监测到的区域脆弱性分值最大为目标,建立了基于脆弱性评价的地下水污染监测网多目标优化模型.通过地下水脆弱性评价和溶质运移模型计算得到不同点位地下水脆弱性分值和污染物浓度,针对不同脆弱性等级提出区域监测井初设密度,采用改进非劣支配遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）基于初设监测网求解该多目标优化模型,结合质量误差分析确定监测网优化方案.结果表明,阿什河漫滩区和樊家沟流域地下水硝酸盐氮污染相对较严重;地下水脆弱性高和较高等级区域分别分布在抽水井群影响范围和河漫滩;结合NSGA-Ⅱ Pareto最优解及质量误差分析结果,得到该区域地下水监测井最优数量（12口）及其最优布设位置.研究显示,该优化监测网与初设监测网插值所得污染羽的质量误差小于15%,满足监测精度要求.      

厌氧条件下可溶性有机质对汞的还原与氧化作用

在沉积物、湿地和淹水的水稻土中天然可溶性有机质(DOM),如胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)处于还原状态,其介导Hg(Ⅱ)的还原,影响汞的转化及地球化学循环.本文通过模拟黑暗厌氧环境,研究还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原.结果表明,还原态HA与FA的还原容量高于对照氧化态HA与FA.还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原最佳浓度分别是0. 2mg·L~(-1)和1. 5 mg·L~(-1).而高于最佳浓度时,由于发生巯基竞争性络合作用,抑制Hg(Ⅱ)的还原;特别是还原态HA大于5mg·L~(-1)时,不能还原Hg(Ⅱ)为Hg(0).还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应动力学表明:有机碳(DOC)与Hg(Ⅱ)摩尔比DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=400∶1时,还原反应速率IHSS-HA FRC-HA FRC-FA;高摩尔比[DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=10 000∶1]时,还原态HA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应停止,甚至向相反方向进行.还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)氧化结果表明,当还原态HA与FA浓度分别增加至5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)时,样品中检测不到Hg(0),还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)发生诱导性氧化络合作用.在汞的氧化还原与络合作用中,还原态DOM扮演双重角色,影响活性汞的可利用性,进而影响微生物汞的甲基化.     

7种改性水稻秸秆对溶液中Cd2+的吸附

为实现废弃水稻秸秆资源化利用及其治理水环境中Cd²⁺的污染问题,用KMnO₄、KOH、H₂O₂、KOH+H₂O₂、酒石酸、柠檬酸、TiO₂对水稻秸秆进行改性,制成不同的水稻秸秆吸附剂来吸附溶液中的Cd²⁺,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积及孔径分析仪和Zeta电位仪对改性前后的水稻秸秆进行表征分析,吸附过程采用准一级动力学方程、修正一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散模型进行拟合.结果表明：在Cd²⁺初始浓度100mg/L,pH7,水稻秸秆添加量为10g/L,25℃条件下,7种改性水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果不同,其中经KMnO₄改性的水稻秸秆对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最好,吸附量达10.024mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率达到99.24%,比未改性水稻秸秆提高了99.44%,其次是KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性处理的水稻秸秆,吸附量分别达到了9.302和9.189mg/g,对Cd²⁺的去除率分别达92.62%和90.82%,比未改性水稻秸秆分别提高了85.07%和82.83%.改性处理水稻秸秆吸附Cd²⁺的效果顺序为：KMnO₄ > KOH > KOH+H₂O₂ > TiO₂ > H₂O₂ > 柠檬酸 > 酒石酸.对于Cd²⁺的吸附过程,准一级速率方程只能较好地描述吸附初始阶段,准二级动力学方程则能很好地描述吸附的整个过程.经KMnO₄,KOH和KOH+H₂O₂改性的水稻秸秆是具有潜在利用价值的废水中Cd²⁺吸附剂.     

可生物降解材料聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的合成与应用概述

聚羟基脂肪酸酯（polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA）是很多微生物合成的一种细胞内聚酯,是一种天然的高分子生物材料。PHA具有良好的生物相容性能、生物可降解性和塑料的热加工等性能。文章主要综述了PHA的合成途径与有关应用方面的研究。