战略环境评价的概略性与前瞻性

本文在对SEA的概念、目的、类型和程序进行综述的基础上,从SEA的概略性与前瞻性对SEA的特征进行了分析,说明SEA是一种形成行动策略的过程或方法,其重点分析实现战略目标的途径,处理战略层次的概念性、普遍性、根本性问题,并为较低层次的SEA和EIA提供背景、基础和框架;同项目EIA相比,SEA具有更强的概略性和前瞻性,是衡量SEA有效性的重要依据.     

基于“重要性-敏感性-冲突性”的陕北生态保护重点区域辨识

在城镇化快速发展背景下,生态环境遭到破坏的风险增加,这必将影响经济社会与生态系统的稳定与安全。基于RS和GIS相关技术,从生态系统服务重要性、生态敏感性和空间冲突3个方面,采用NPP定量指标评价法、空间冲突测度评估法和析取运算法,对陕北生态环境情况进行综合评估。在"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架下,辨识陕北生态保护重点区域,提出一定管控建议。结果表明:(1)陕北生态保护重点区域主要分布于陕北南部的黄龙山、子午岭地区、中部黄土丘陵沟壑区和北部榆林市境内的毛乌素沙漠敏感区。(2)延安市南部生态高价值与高敏感性并存,同时是空间冲突热点区,生态风险高。(3)延安市空间冲突水平相比于榆林市较强烈。能源开采活动、地形起伏、道路扩张及(生态工程)地表破碎性影响,给当地生态环境带来压力和风险。"重要性-敏感性-冲突性"框架的构建可为生态保护提供新思路,客观辨识出生态重点保护区域,对协调城镇开发建设和生态环境保护之间的矛盾及政策参考方面具有重要意义。     

基于Paircopula函数和标准化径流指数的水文干旱频率分析——以南盘江流域为例

选取南盘江流域3个水文站52 a（1961~2012年）的逐月径流资料,联合两个相邻站点,分别计算标准化径流指数（SSFI）,运用游程理论识别52 a来不同站点干旱特征,并用Pair copula函数计算不同站点的联合重现期。结果表明：（1）52 a来3个站点干旱特征值的最大值都出现在2011~2012年;从单个站点看,52 a来沾益站的干旱次数、最大干旱历时、最大干旱烈度均大于高谷马站和江边街站,最大干旱峰值出现在江边街站;从联合站点看,中游以上高谷马站和沾益站的干旱特征值均大于中游以下高谷马站和江边街站,3个站点联合识别的干旱特征值大于中下游站点联合识别干旱特征值,小于中上游站点联合识别干旱特征值,上游干旱更严重;（2）Frank Pair copula函数的RMSE、AIC和BIC值最小,拟合程度最高,适合运用于南盘江流域干旱频率分析中;（3）运用Frank Pair copula函数计算得到3个水文站点2009~2012年的连续干旱重现期都在100~200 a,是52 a来最严重的一次干旱     

城市地裂缝风险评价方法研究

随着人们应对灾害从过去的“被动救灾”走向现在的“主动预防”,风险管理成为防灾减灾领域一个热门话题。从危险性评价、易损性评价以及防灾减灾能力评价三个方面阐述了城市地裂缝风险评价内容,提出了城市地裂缝风险评价流程,探讨了城市地裂缝可接受风险水平。在机理分析的基础上给出了城市地裂缝危险性评价指标体系,根据城市用地类型开展易损性评价具有很好的可操作性。首次提出了城市地裂缝防灾减灾能力评价方法。     

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.     

The chemical stability of heavy metals in a natural water system

A comprehensive investigation of heavy metal pollutants in Xiangjiang river was accomplished to evaluate their chemical stability through three different ways: (1) Chemical speciation by direct measurements; (2) Chemical equilibrium model simulation; (3) Sediment extraction experiments. All the results demonstrated that the directly bioavailable fraction was in a very limited amount. The metal bound to organic ligands, adsorbed particles and precipitated species presented a buffer for solution species. The majority of metals occured in the residues as solid particulates. It was inferred that the heavy metal pollutants in this aquatic system exhibited a high chemical stability. The critical limits of discharging load and pH values were suggested.     

Key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents in China

Abrupt air pollution accidents can endanger people’s health and destroy the local ecological environment. The appropriate emergency response can minimize the harmful effects of accidents and protect people’s lives and property. This paper provides an overview of the key emergency response technologies for abrupt air pollution accidents around the globe with emphasis on the major achievements that China has obtained in recent years.With decades of effort, China has made significant progress in em...     

湿法脱硫系统设计无旁路相关问题的探讨

介绍国内电厂首次投运的无旁路脱硫系统,其具有无GGH、引风机和增压风机合并、"烟塔合一"的特点。通过与其他脱硫系统的比较,讨论了无旁路脱硫系统吸收塔、烟道、公用系统以及除尘器的设计和选型特点,总结了其易出现的问题及运行中的控制方法。根据调试经验,给出了无脱硫旁路系统的运行步序原则。     

Epilithic biofilm as a reservoir for functional virulence factors in wastewater-dominant rivers after WWTP upgrade

Virulence factors (VFs) confer upon pathogens the ability to cause various types of damage or diseases. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources for the emission of pathogens and VFs into receiving rivers. Conventional WWTP upgrades are often implemented to improve the water quality of receiving ecosystems. However, knowledge on the pathogens, VFs, and health risks to receiving aquatic ecosystems after upgrade remains limited. In this study, we investigated detailed pathogenic information, including taxa, pathogenicity, and health risk, in two wastewater-dominant rivers after WWTP upgrade. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we screened 14 potential pathogens in water and epilithic biofilm samples, though they were significantly more enriched in the biofilms. Combining 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing data, we identified Pseudomonas and Aeromonas as the dominant pathogenic taxa carrying functional VFs (e.g., mobility and offensive) in the epilithic biofilm. Moreover, strong pathogen-specific VF-host co-occurrence events were observed in the epilithic biofilm samples, indicating the importance of biofilms as reservoirs and vehicles for VFs. Further, we demonstrated that mobility VF is crucial for biofilm formation and pathogens in biofilm carrying offensive VF may be highly invasive. Quantification and health risk assessment suggested that the skin contact risk of P. aeruginosa carrying VFs was higher than the acceptable probability of 10^?4 in both water and epilithic biofilm samples, which may threaten ecological and human health.     

Nickel phosphide on Ni foam as anode and peroxymonosulfate as the chemical oxidizer for effective direct urea fuel cell

The direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) is a low cost and competitive approach for contemporaneous urine or urea-contaminated wastewater treatment and electricity generation. However, the lack of efficient urea oxidation reaction (UOR) electrocatalysts and suitable electron acceptors remains a challenge for practical applications. Here, we developed a DUFC system using Ni₂[email protected] foam as the anode and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as the chemical oxidizers. The Ni₂[email protected] foam anode showed a high oxidation activity for UOR with an onset potential of 0.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl and Tafel slope of 34.4 mV/dec. PMS with high theoretical potential improved the cell voltage to 1.43 V. A power density of DUFC up to 4.91 mW/cm² was achieved using PMS at room temperature, which was approximately twice as high as using H₂O₂ (2.38 mW/cm²). Ni^II/Ni^III was the redox active species on the Ni₂P anode in the DUFC process, and Ni^II was electrochemically oxidized to Ni^III, which reverted to Ni^II by urea reduction. When real human urine was used as the fuel, a power density of 4.46 mW/cm² can be achieved at room temperature. This DUFC with high cell performance showed potential application in urea wastewater treatment.