以呼吸速率为基础活性污泥抑制动力学常数的测定研究

通过对活性污泥不同抑制情况下呼吸速率变化的分析,对不同的抑制类型提出了利用呼吸速率确定抑制动力学模型中动力学常数的不同方法.产物抑制通过已知起始浓度和呼吸速率曲线,来构建以1/K'P为斜率,KS为截距的直线方程来求解KS和抑制常数.底物抑制先通过呼吸速率求解最值点的底物浓度,然后根据呼吸速率变化最大值点的关系公式求解抑制常数的方法.竞争性抑制和非竞争性抑制通过求解等速点底物浓度的方法求解抑制常数.对于非竞争性抑制还可以通过简单的最大呼吸速率比值法来求解抑制常数.同时选择非竞争性抑制进行了试验验证和常数求解.最终通过2种方法得到葡萄糖降解时NaCl的抑制常数为20.2 g/L,或者0.02倍的KS.     

SBR-混凝沉淀处理织棉漂白废水研究

研究了SBR－混凝沉淀工艺对织棉漂白废水的处理效果，结果表明，进水CODcr为1060mg/L，经SBR工艺处理，CODcr去除率达到79％。以聚铁－PAM作后续处理，可进一步把CODcr降到100mg/L以下，并能有效去除色度，去除度达94％，出水达到排放标准。该工艺是一种经济有效的可行方法。     

含聚污水悬浮固体含量测定方法改进

采用石油天然气行业标准推荐的滤膜法测定油田含聚合物采出水(简称含聚污水)中悬浮固体含量时,过滤时间长而测定值偏高。文章分析了新疆油田含聚污水中固相颗粒物的分布特点,考察了滤膜法存在的问题及影响因素:残余聚合物含量、聚合物分子量、温度等,考察了水中残余聚合物浓度与滤膜截留量的关系,建立了适合含聚污水中悬浮固体含量的测定方法——高速剪切法,验证了该方法的精密度,并以新疆油田现场聚驱和二元复合驱采出水为对象,评价新方法的有效性。     

红壤模拟铜污染下紫云英根表形态及其组织和细胞结构变化

采用根形态研究、显微镜观察和透射电子显微镜观察,研究了红壤模拟铜污染下紫云英根表形态及其组织、细胞结构变化.结果表明:当污染铜为0～40mg·kg^-1时,紫云英生长发育正常,根形态完好,功能正常.当污染铜水平在50 mg·kg^-1以上时,紫云英根开始出现受害症状:表现在根粗短呈淡褐色,根毛少且短,主根弯曲,并分出较短的叉根;表皮层出现皱缩;细胞壁略呈波浪形,厚薄不均,质膜界线不明显.紫云英地上部分生长发育受影响,产量开始下降.铜污染水平达到200mg·kg^-1时,根腐烂、组织黑色化、细胞壁断裂,胞质严重收缩解离,紫云英死亡,表明供试红壤临界铜污染浓度为50mg·kg^-1,并且紫云英根对土壤铜污染的耐性随生育期延长而增强,根细胞壁是根耐毒的主要部位.     

卵圆卡盾藻溶血毒素产毒的影响因素研究

研究了卵圆卡盾藻(Chattonella ovata)在不同环境因子下的溶血活性特征。根据卵圆卡盾藻的生长曲线,分别收集对数生长期、稳定期、衰亡期的藻细胞进行溶血毒性的测定。采用不同温度、盐度和营养元素结构的培养基对卵圆卡盾藻进行培养,对不同培养条件下的藻细胞进行溶血活性的测定。结果表明,卵圆卡盾藻衰亡期藻细胞的溶血活性最强,达到29.5×10-7HU/cell(HU,Hemolytic Unit,溶血单位),其次为对数生长期(21.9×10-7HU/cell)。在10~25℃培养条件下,温度对藻细胞溶血活性无显著影响;在盐度15~25 psu范围内,藻细胞溶血活性变化不明显,而高盐度(33 psu)能够刺激溶血毒素的产生。在Fe限制时,藻细胞溶血活性最强(37.4×10-7HU/cell),为正常培养条件下(f/2培养基)溶血活性值(18.8×10-7HU/cell)的2.0倍;其次为P限制,藻细胞的溶血活性值为24.1×10-7HU/cell;N、Mn限制条件下藻细胞溶血活性与正常培养条件无显著性差异。     

Selecting Sites for Converting Farmlands to Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain are rich in biodiversity and natural resources in the northeast of China. However, this wetland area has decreased in size and deteriorated in quality owing to expanded agricultural activities since the 1950s. Converting farmlands to wetlands is necessary to improve these conditions. Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies, we derived farmland productivity data and hydrology data for the Sanjiang Plain. The farmland productivity data were derived from land use and net primary productivity (NPP) data of the MODIS products. We obtained three productivity farmland classes (low, medium, and high) through the NPP anomaly percentage method. We were only concerned with the low-productivity farmland. Hydrology data were modeled with a wetness index, which was derived from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Based on these two data layers, we identified and prioritized sites for the conversion of farmlands to wetlands. The areas with low farmland productivity and medium or high wetness values have potential to support the conversion of farmlands to wetlands. Potential sites were prioritized in terms of patch size and proximity to natural wetlands and water bodies. We obtained three priority classes, among which the high-priority class would be used as the areas for the recent conversion of farmlands to wetlands. The area of this class was 75,888 ha and accounted for 1.3% of the total farmland area.     

中国城市生活垃圾燃烧的特性

根据我国23个主要城市约40组垃圾的统计数据(包括元素分析和工业分析及组分分析),较好地拟合了生活垃圾净热值、垃圾焚烧理论空气量的计算公式;在此基础上研究了垃圾净热值与绝热火焰温度的数学关系,进而分析了垃圾单独焚烧(无辅助燃料)所需的临界热值及过剩空气率、预热空气温度等参数对临界热值的影响.本研究为了解垃圾的燃烧特性及垃圾的焚烧利用提供分析依据.     

卵圆卡盾藻香港株过氧化氢产生的影响因素研究

研究了卵圆卡盾藻香港株(Chattonella ovata,Hong Kong strain,COHK)在不同生长期、盐度和营养盐条件下的生长及过氧化氢(H2O2)的产生特点.结果表明,过氧化氢浓度峰值出现在COHK对数生长期(4～8 d),以第6 d达到最大,为2.91×10-4nmol.cell-1.在N∶P为16∶1、32∶1和64∶1的情况下,COHK生长较快,以32∶1时生长速率最快(0.58 div.d-1).COHK产生H2O2的量与藻类生长呈相反趋势,在N∶P为4∶1和8∶1的情况下,藻细胞生长率较低,但单位藻细胞H2O2浓度较高.单位藻细胞H2O2浓度在N∶P为4∶1时最大,达到1.26×10-4nmol.cell-1.COHK在盐度为20和25时生长率较高,在盐度为10、15和30时生长率较低,表明低盐和高盐条件均不利于COHK的生长.低盐度和高盐度均有利于COHK过氧化氢的产生,在盐度为10时,单位藻细胞的H2O2量最高,达到2.2×10-4nmol.cell-1;但盐度在15～25范围内,单位藻细胞H2O2量相差不大(0.7×10-4～0.9×10-4nmol.cell-1).Fe3+可显著影响COHK的生长,Fe3+浓度范围为0.2×10-8～1×10-8mol.L-1时,COHK生长率较高.缺铁条件下(Fe3+浓度为0),COHK生长率最低(0.1 div.d-1),而Fe3+浓度较高时(5×10-8mol.L-1),藻细胞生长率也有所降低.缺铁以及高铁条件下,卵圆卡盾藻的H2O2产量增加,H2O2浓度分别为0.97×10-4和0.95×10-4nmol.cell-1.     

生物质炭和秸秆配合施用对土壤有机碳转化的影响

为探讨生物质炭和秸秆碳输入对土壤碳构成和转化的影响,通过室内培养试验,研究了单施生物质炭、秸秆及两者配合施入下土壤二氧化碳的释放特征以及土壤微生物碳和有机碳的变化.结果表明,秸秆有机碳在土壤中的矿化率为21.50%(2%添加水平),远大于等量生物质炭的矿化率(8.09%);施用等量(占4%土重)生物质炭和秸秆,培养200 d后土壤有机碳含量分别为24.40 g·kg~(-1)、17.40 g·kg~(-1),表明生物质炭对有机碳的提升作用大于秸秆的.施用生物质炭对土壤固有有机碳有一定的保护作用,生物质炭与秸秆配合施用促进了秸秆的矿化,对有机碳矿化影响的交互效应为正值.施用秸秆能大幅度增加土壤微生物碳,而生物质炭对土壤微生物碳影响小;秸秆和生物质炭配合也增加了土壤微生物碳,但其交互效应与培养时间、施用量等有关,可正可负.     

Characterization of odorous charge and photochemical reactivity of VOC emissions from a full-scale food waste treatment plant in China

Food waste treatment plants (FWTPs) are usually associated with odorous nuisance and health risks, which are partially caused by volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. This study investigated the VOC emissions from a selected full-scale FWTP in China. The feedstock used in this plant was mainly collected from local restaurants. For a year, the FWTP was closely monitored on specific days in each season. Four major indoor treatment units of the plant, including the storage room, sorting/crushing room, hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, and aerobic fermentation unit, were chosen as the monitoring locations. The highest mean concentration of total VOC emissions was observed in the aerobic fermentation unit at 21,748.2-31,283.3 μg/m³, followed by the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit at 10,798.1-23,144.4 μg/m³. The detected VOC families included biogenic compounds (oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenes, and organosulfur compounds) and abiogenic compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons and halocarbons). Oxygenated compounds, particularly alcohols, were the most abundant compounds in all samples. With the use of odor index analysis and principal components analysis, the hydrothermal hydrolysis and aerobic fermentation units were clearly distinguished from the pre-treatment units, as characterized by their higher contributions to odorous nuisance. Methanthiol was the dominant odorant in the hydrothermal hydrolysis unit, whereas aldehyde was the dominant odorant in the aerobic fermentation unit. Terpenes, specifically limonene, had the highest level of propylene equivalent concentration during the monitoring periods. This concentration can contribute to the increase in the atmospheric reactivity and ozone formation potential in the surrounding air.