Classification and identification of metal-accumulating plant species by cluster analysis

Identification and classification of metal-accumulating plant species is essential for phytoextraction. Cluster analysis is used for classifying individuals based on measured characteristics. In this study, classification of plant species for metal accumulation was conducted using cluster analysis based on a practical survey. Forty plant samples belonging to 21 species were collected from an ancient silver-mining site. Five groups such as hyperaccumulator, potential hyperaccumulator, accumulator, potential accumulator, and normal accumulating plant were graded. For Cd accumulation, the ancient silver-mining ecotype of Sedum alfredii was treated as a Cd hyperaccumulator, and the others were normal Cd-accumulating plants. For Zn accumulation, S. alfredii was considered as a potential Zn hyperaccumulator, Conyza canadensis and Artemisia lavandulaefolia were Zn accumulators, and the others were normal Zn-accumulating plants. For Pb accumulation, S. alfredii and Elatostema lineolatum were potential Pb hyperaccumulators, Rubus hunanensis, Ajuga decumbens, and Erigeron annuus were Pb accumulators, C. canadensis and A. lavandulaefolia were potential Pb accumulators, and the others were normal Pb-accumulating plants. Plant species with the potential for phytoextraction were identified such as S. alfredii for Cd and Zn, C. canadensis and A. lavandulaefolia for Zn and Pb, and E. lineolatum, R. hunanensis, A. decumbens, and E. annuus for Pb. Cluster analysis is effective in the classification of plant species for metal accumulation and identification of potential species for phytoextraction.     

壳聚糖-活性炭复合物水冲前后吸附性及其抑菌性能的研究

将3种不同分子量(Mw)壳聚糖(50 000、100 000及高分子量(粘度为50～800 mPa·s))分别与活性炭制成壳聚糖活性炭复合物.考察自来水冲洗前后,壳聚糖-活性炭复合物的吸附性能及其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制性能的变化.结果表明,经水流冲洗后,3种壳聚糖制备的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物的吸附性能上升,而抑菌性能下降;其中,高分子量壳聚糖制备而成的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物对两种细菌仍有较强的抑制能力.即高分子量壳聚糖制备而成的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物更适于在实际水处理中应用.     

纳米TiO2花式分层微球的合成及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

利用仿生合成的方法,以甘氨酸为模板剂、钛酸正四丁酯作钛源,水热合成一种新型纳米TiO₂花式微球,并对其进行了表征。通过考察pH值、温度和Pb(Ⅱ)溶液的初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,研究了TiO₂花式微球对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及其吸附动力学特性。结果表明,纳米TiO₂花式微球直径约2 μm,平均孔径约56 nm,比表面积约是270.3 m²/g;当pH值为4.0时TiO₂花式微球对溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)吸附率达到最高,210 min时基本达到吸附平衡,20、30和40℃的最大吸附量分别为75.64、76.34 和77.52 mg/g。吸附过程遵循准二级速率方程,与Langmuir等温式拟合更好。     

基于ANP和模糊证据理论的应答器系统风险评估方法研究

针对应答器系统风险评估过程中存在较大模糊性和主观性的问题,提出了基于网络分析法(ANP)和模糊证据理论的风险评估模型。首先,识别评估对象的风险因素,建立相应的ANP评价模型,采用专家均值置信法改进传统ANP,确定风险因素权重;然后利用模糊数学理论确定专家评语基本信度分配(BPA)函数,并运用折扣系数法修正证据理论,合成专家意见得到各风险因素的BPA函数;最后通过加权平均函数实现风险综合评判,依据最大隶属度原则确定风险等级。利用该评估模型对应答器系统功能失效进行了风险评估,验证了模型的可行性和有效性。     

环氧乙烷存储单元寿命周期动态风险分析与预测

为了保证工艺过程的安全性,工程师们使用多种定量风险评价方法对整个过程进行评估。但定量风险评价方法无法随着化工工艺寿命周期的进行而实时更新数据。基于南京化工园区某公司环氧乙烷存储装置,借助@Risk软件,分别应用确定性概率方法和不确定性概率分布方法对装置进行了风险概率分析。在此基础上,应用贝叶斯理论更新概率分布参数,基于设定的事件累积次数对环氧乙烷存储装置进行了动态风险评估。结果表明,24个终态事件的发生概率是变化的,装置整体的安全状态概率随着运行时间的推移而减小,并逐渐趋近0.612 86,事故概率减小,并逐渐趋近0.023 72,未遂事件概率增加,并逐渐趋近0.334 57。通过Origin拟合得到的事故概率和未遂事件概率函数与海因里希法较为吻合。     

Supercritical water oxidation of tannery sludge: Stabilization of chromium and destruction of organics

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of industrial tannery sludge was investigated to understand the simultaneous destruction of organic pollutants and recovery of high content chromium. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at temperatures of 350–500 °C, reaction time of 150–300 s and different oxygen ratios, to exhibit the effect of operation conditions. Results showed that removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased with higher temperature, larger oxidant amount and reaction time; a maximum value of 96% was obtained. Meanwhile, destruction yield was much higher under supercritical conditions than that in subcritical water. In addition, removal efficiency of Cr from sludge reached more than 98% under all conditions; higher temperature played a positive role. Further, leaching toxicity tests of heavy metals in solid products were conducted based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. All heavy metals except nickel showed a greatly reduced leaching toxicity through their stabilization. The chromium oxide recovered in ash was amorphous below 550 °C, so that the structure of Cr could not be identified by X-ray diffraction pattern. Special attention should be paid on nickel as its leaching toxicity increased due to the corrosion of reactor surface under severe reaction conditions.     

非均相催化臭氧氧化深度处理炼油废水

采用非均相催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理炼油废水,考察了催化剂负载率、p H、催化剂投加量和臭氧投加量及反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明,组合工艺最佳工艺条件为:催化剂负载率2.1%、p H 9、催化剂投量80 g/L、臭氧投量8.1 mg/L、反应时间60 min,COD、石油类、NH3-N、硫化物和SS去除率分别为91.3%、92.7%、80.5%、34.5%和59%。处理炼油废水过程中组合工艺存在明显协同效应,协同因子为1.47。中间臭氧氧化和催化臭氧氧化在最优工艺条件下对炼油废水COD的降解均符合准一级动力学规律。基于叔丁醇的实验结果,结合降解动力学可以推测,降解炼油废水过程中非均相催化剂催化臭氧产生高活性羟基自由基是降解效率提高的主导因素。     

面向生态的西部开发政策环境影响评价

本文在分析西部开发政策体系的基础上,剖析了该战略产生的环境影响的特征,指出了开展政策环境影响评价的必要性和可行性,提出了政策环评所需要的度量指标,以及面向生态的政策环评工作原则和技术程序,探讨了西部开发政策环境影响的控制方法。     

A new strategy for obtaining highly concentrated phosphorus recovery solution in biofilm phosphorus recovery process

Recovery of phosphorus（P） from wastewater is of great significance for alleviating the shortage of P resources. At present, the P recovery process is faced with the problem of excessive organic carbon consumption when obtaining a P-concentrated recovery solution. This study proposed a new strategy to obtain a more highly concentrated P recovery solution with minimal carbon consumption by strengthening the P storage capacity of the biofilm. A biofilm sequencing batch reactor（BSBR） process was mod...     

Decomposition characteristics of toluene by a corona radical shower system

Non-thermal plasma technologies offer an innovative approach to decomposing various volatile organic compounds(VOCs). The decomposition of toluene from simulated flue gas was investigated using a pipe electrode with nozzles for the generation of free radicals. Corona characteristics and decomposition of toluene were investigated experimentally. In addition, the decomposition mechanism of toluene was explored in view of reaction rate. The experimental results showed that the humidity of additional gas has an important effect on corona characteristics and modes and stable streamer corona can be generated through optimizing flow rate and humidity of additional gas. Applied voltage, concentration of toluene, humidity of toluene and resident time are some important factors affecting decomposition efficiency. Under optimizing conditions, the decomposition efficiency of toluene can reach 80%. These results can give a conclusion that the corona radical shower technology is feasible and effective on the removal of toluene in the flue gas.