多氯联苯污染土壤热脱附研究综述

综述了近年来国内外热脱附技术在修复多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)污染土壤方面的研究进展。温度和停留时间是影响其脱附效率的最主要因素,另外脱附效果还受土壤性质以及载气、压力等其他因素的影响。氧气存在的条件下,脱附过程中会有呋喃(polychlorinated dibenzofurans,PCDFs)生成,导致整体毒性当量增加。PCBs的物理蒸发是其主要的脱附机制,同时伴随着脱氯和降解。协同热脱附通过添加改性剂,有效促进了PCBs的去除以及降解。冷凝,除尘,吸附一系列尾气处理用来降低尾气中PCBs的含量。文章最后给出了当前国内外的应用情况以及存在问题和今后的发展方向。     

二(噁)(口英)样品制备与检测技术进展

环境中存在的二噁是一类严重影响食品安全和人类健康的强毒性有机污染物,为了能正确评价这类化合物的来源与环境中分布情况,二噁的分析检测引起了人们强烈的关注。本文介绍了样品检测前处理纯化过程中所用的各种传统的吸附剂(硅酸盐、佛罗里土和活性炭等)和新发展的几种主要吸附剂(2(1芘基)乙基二甲基硅烷化硅胶(PYE)、炭纳米管和多孔石墨炭等)的性能、在样品前处理过程中所起的作用及存在的问题和发展趋势,并在概括样品制备的基础上,阐述了二纯化技术及其检测方法(包括化学分析法和生物分析法)的进展。     

杂色云芝对2种染料的脱色条件研究

比较了2种不同液体限氮培养基中杂色云芝对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝的脱色效果,确定了最佳接种量。优化出的基本参数为T=34℃、进料浓度200mg/L、pH=4.5。实验结果表明:杂色云芝对进水的酸碱度具有很强的适应性,从pH2.5到10.5比较宽的区间内保持了比较稳定的高脱色率,这一点对于工程应用具有实际意义。     

2000~2005年三江平原土地利用/覆被变化对植被净初级生产力的影响研究

区域土地利用/覆被变化对植被生产力的影响是LUCC环境效应的重要组成部分,对于区域陆地生态系统碳循环的研究具有重要意义。三江平原地区是我国土地利用变化最为剧烈的地区之一,然而,区域尺度上土地利用/覆被变化对植被生产力的影响研究不多。基于以上原因,论文应用以遥感观测和生态系统过程模型为基础的土地利用数据和植被净初级生产力NPP数据,估算土地利用变化过程对三江平原地区植被生产力的影响。结果表明,林地、草地和沼泽湿地向耕地的转化是三江平原土地利用/覆被变化的最主要特征。2000~2005年期间,耕地面积增加了43.28×10⁴hm²,主要来自林地、草地和湿地的转化,转化面积分别为26.20×10⁴、10.81×10⁴和22.45×10⁴hm²。过去5年间,三江平原平均NPP由401.1g C m^-2 a^-1下降为377.5g C m^-2 a^-1,其中沼泽湿地平均NPP下降了7.8%,耕地、林地和草地的平均NPP均呈下降趋势。2000~2005年期间,三江平原地区净初级生产总量由4.37×10⁴G g C a^-1下降为4.11×10⁴G g C a^-1,减少量为2 575.1G g C a^-1,减少率为5.9%。三江平原地区2000年和2005年的气候因子变化不大,其对NPP的影响可以忽略。土地覆被变化直接导致区域净初级生产力的降低,人类活动干扰的强度和频度加剧对于区域植被净初级生产力的降低具有重要影响。     

新型高效厌氧反应器UBF的研究进展

分析了新型高效厌氧反应器UBF的特点 ,概述了UBF反应器的研究现状。认为UBF工艺在高浓度、难降解有机废水处理中有广阔的推广应用前景 ,应大力加强研究开发力度。     

关于电气安全工程学学科的思考

以“环境系统人”作为电气安全工程学的研究对象 ,通过对环境、系统、人各个要素及相互之间关系的分析 ,详细探讨了电气安全工程学的研究内容 ,并对学科今后的新的研究领域提出建议。     

低频、低功率超声波抑制藻类生长的效果

超声波的空化作用能够抑制藻类生长,从保护水体生态系统以及超声波技术本身的特点考虑,低频率、低功率的超声波更适合于水体抑藻应用.实验采用自然水体混合藻种(主要由绿藻门、硅藻门、蓝藻门藻种组成),水样超声波辐照后,进行光照培养,取样检测藻类生长情况,研究了低频率、低功率超声波的抑藻效果及控制参数.结果表明,采用60 kHz、0.24 W·cm~(-2)的超声波,作用时间为1 min,抑藻效果明显,24 h培养后水样OD_400从0.25 cm~(-1)降至0.12 cm~(-1);随着超声波作用功率的增加,抑藻效果增强,但功率超过0.24W·cm~(-2),抑藻效果基本不再增加;超声波施加周期为1次·(2～4) d~(-1),可以起到持续抑藻的效果.     

E. coli and bacteriophage MS2 disinfection by UV,ozone and the combined UV and ozone processes

The combination of low-dose ozone with ultraviolet （UV） irradiation should be an option to give benefit to disinfection and reduce drawbacks of UV and ozone disinfection. However, less is known about the disinfection performance of UV and ozone （UV/ozone） coexposure and sequential UV-followed-by-ozone （UV- ozone） and ozone-followed-by-UV （ozone-UV） expo- sures. In this study, inactivation of E. coli and bacterioph- age MS2 by UV, ozone, UV/ozone coexposure, and sequential UV-ozone and ozone-UV exposures was investigated and compared. Synergistic effects of 0.5-0.9 log kill on E. coli inactivation, including increases in the rate and efficiency, were observed after the UV/ozone coexposure at ozone concentrations as low as 0.05 mg-L-1 in ultrapure water. The coexposure with 0.02-mg.L-1 ozone did not enhance the inactivation but repressed E. coli photoreactivation. Little enhancement on E. coli inactivation was found after the sequential UV-ozone or ozone-UV exposures. The synergistic effect on MS2 inactivation was less significant after the UV/ozone coexposure, and more significant after the sequential ozone-UV and UV-ozone exposures, which was 0.2 log kill for the former and 0.8 log kill for the latter two processes, at ozone dose of 0.1 mg. t-1 and UV dose of 8.55 mJ. cm 2 in ultrapure water. The synergistic effects on disinfection were also observed in tap water. These results show that the combination of UV and low-dose ozone is a promising technology for securing microbiological quality of water.     

熔融包裹体及其挥发分研究概况及分析方法简析

火山岩矿物斑晶中的熔融包裹体是矿物结晶时包裹了原始岩浆而成,未发生泄露和破坏的熔融包裹体可以有效地保存有关原始岩浆中各种物质的实际浓度,其成分代表着原始岩浆的成分,它能比较真实、直接地提供原始岩浆的信息,反映成岩成矿时的物理化学务件和岩浆演化情况,因此对熔融包裹体的研究是火山学研究中的一个重要方面。文章综述了近年来熔融包裹体研究的最新进展和应用,分析了对熔融包裹体的几种检测方法的优缺点,讨论了常见的"岩石学方法"的一些问题。     

Phytodegradation of extra heavy oil-based drill cuttings using mature reed wetland: an in situ pilot study

Environmental contamination caused by extra heavy oil-based drill cuttings (DCs) is a major problem in the Liaohe Oilfield, northeastern China. To study the potential effectiveness of the mature reed wetland in removing extra heavy oil contained in drill cuttings, biodegradation of extra heavy oils and study of the effects on soil property and ecophysiological and quality indices of reeds were carried out in a 2-year in situ pilot experiment. In the wetland, four reed beds were used to treat drill cuttings in various loadings: 0 (control), 5, 20, and 40 kg/m(2), corresponding to 150, 600, and 1200 g/m(2) extra heavy oil hydrocarbons (HCs). The obtained results demonstrate that the mature reed wetland was effective at degrading extra heavy oils without extra fertilization. Removal efficiencies of reed bed 2 in the 0- to 80-cm soil profile increased with time, from 90.1% (first harvest season) to 95.8% (second harvest season). After 2 years, only 4.2% of the initial hydrocarbons residual was retained in the surface soil. There was no apparent adverse effects on the surface soil property during degradation of extra heavy oils and, actually, the deeper soil property and reed quality indices were improved at the end of the experiment. Phytotoxicity, resulting in reduction of reed yield, was observed in the most heavily treated beds in the first year. However, long-term reed yield recovered robustly. During the 2-year period, reed height and leaf number were slightly inhibited.