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201.
Scott G. Leibowitz Randy L. Comeleo Parker J. Wigington Jr. Marc H. Weber Eric A. Sproles Keith A. Sawicz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(2):473-493
We update the Wigington et al. (2013) hydrologic landscape (HL) approach to make it more broadly applicable and apply the revised approach to the Pacific Northwest (PNW; i.e., Oregon, Washington, and Idaho). Specific changes incorporated are the use of assessment units based on National Hydrography Dataset Plus V2 catchments, a modified snowmelt model validated over a broader area, an aquifer permeability index that does not require preexisting aquifer permeability maps, and aquifer and soil permeability classes based on uniform criteria. Comparison of Oregon results for the revised and original approaches found fewer and larger assessment units, loss of summer seasonality, and changes in rankings and proportions of aquifer and soil permeability classes. Differences could be explained by three factors: an increased assessment unit size, a reduced number of permeability classes, and use of smaller cutoff values for the permeability classes. The distributions of the revised HLs in five groups of Oregon rivers were similar to the original HLs but less variable. The improvements reported here should allow the revised HL approach to be applied more often in situations requiring hydrologic classification and allow greater confidence in results. We also apply the map results to the development of hydrologic landscape regions. 相似文献
202.
Joan Pau Sierra Ignacio Casanovas César Mösso Marc Mestres Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1457-1468
The overtopping of port breakwaters may affect the assets located at the breakwater lee side. If adaptation measures are not taken, the sea level rise will increase the overtopping discharges putting those assets at significant risk. This study compares, at a regional scale, overtopping discharges over port breakwaters for three storm conditions (return periods of 1, 5 and 50 years) under present climate as well as for three scenarios of sea level rise based on recent projections. The results indicate that, for the worst storm and sea level rise conditions, the overtopping discharge would not be negligible (larger than 1 l/s/m) in 35 ports (84 %), in contrast to only 18 ports (42 %) being affected under present conditions. In addition, in 28 ports (65 %) the overtopping would be at least one order of magnitude larger than for present conditions. In the case of large storms, in 2 ports the overtopping discharge exceeds 200 l/s/m (the discharge that can initiate breakwater damage) under present conditions, while in the worst scenario of sea level rise the number of ports exceeding this value would be 7. On the other hand, the vulnerability of each port for which overtopping flow is greater than an acceptable discharge flux is assessed, and regional maps of vulnerability are plotted. For the worst storm conditions, 23 % of the Catalan ports have risks associated with overtopping under present climate conditions. This percentage would increase to 47 % in the worst sea level rise scenario. 相似文献
203.
Charlotte Carré Peggy Gunkel-Grillon Arnaud Serres Marc Jeannin René Sabot Thomas Quiniou 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2017,15(1):151-156
There are few efficient, rapid and cheap methods to remove toxic metals from contaminated waters. Here we hypothesised that cathodic protection, an existing method used to control the corrosion of metallic structures, may trap toxic metals. Indeed, in seawater, the application of a cathodic current on a metallic structure induces the precipitation of limestone (CaCO3) and magnesium dihydroxyde (Mg(OH)2), thus forming a calcareous deposit on the metal surface. We therefore presumed that such calcareous deposit may trap metals dissolved in waters. Actually calcareous deposit formation has never been studied in the presence of dissolved metallic contaminants such as nickel. Here we tested ionic nickel (Ni2+) precipitation in calcareous deposit with a galvanized steel electrode by spiking artificial seawater with a NiCl2 salt during 7 days of applied current. We analysed deposit surface and cross section by µ-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray microanalysis. Ni concentration in the deposit was quantified by inductively coupled plasma analysis, after deposit dissolution in 60% HNO3. Results show that in 7 days up to 24% of nickel can be trapped in the calcareous deposit. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that Ni is trapped under a pure CaCO3 layer of aragonite. Raman spectra show that nickel is incorporated as nickel dihydroxyde (Ni(OH)2), as evidence by vibration bands at 446 and 510 cm?1. Overall our findings disclose a new and efficient method, calcareous electrochemical precipitation, which has potential applications to remove toxic metals from contaminated waters. 相似文献
204.
栖息在河岸的蜘蛛越来越多地被用来追踪水生生态系统中存在和流出污染物的空间格局。然而,我们对蜘蛛在何种情况下可有效标志水生污染的认识有限。本研究力证在具有高生境异质性的水生生态系统中,能够有效地利用河岸蜘蛛来追踪沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染的空间格局。2011年到2013年,在五大湖共同关注区(AOC)的Manistique河流域,对2类常见科属的河岸蜘蛛进行采样,结果表明生物体内的ΣPCB浓度的空间格局能够普遍地追踪采样点范围内沉积物中ΣPCBs的空间变化。该研究区域位于密歇根北部半岛南岸(Manistique,MI,US),是一个河口生态系统,包括港口、河流、回水和湖泊等栖息地。沉积物ΣPCB浓度用总有机碳浓度进行归一,解释了11个采样点中41%的以脂类归一的蜘蛛ΣPCB浓度变异。此外,2类常见河岸蜘蛛类群(园蛛科Araneidae和长脚蛛科Tetragnathidae)的ΣPCB浓度高度相关(r2 > 0.78),并且按全年计算其平均ΣPCB浓度两者相似。结果表明,在异质性的水生生态系统中,例如在河流入海口,会因为栖息地和污染物变化在水生生物分类中的差别不明显,河岸蜘蛛就可能成为水生和河岸食物网中PCB有效性的标记物。此外,对于为不同种群大型结网蜘蛛提供生存条件的海岸线开发和沿岸植被的生境异质性,目前的方法具有很强的适用性。
精选自Kraus, J. M., Gibson, P. P., Walters, D. M. and Mills, M. A. (2017), Riparian spiders as sentinels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination across heterogeneous aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1278–1286. doi: 10.1002/etc.3658
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3658/full 相似文献
205.
Quantifying disturbance effects on vegetation carbon pools in mountain forests based on historical data 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Urs Gimmi Annett Wolf Matthias Bürgi Marc Scherstjanoi Harald Bugmann 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(2):121-130
Although the terrestrial carbon budget is of key importance for atmospheric CO2 concentrations, little is known on the effects of management and natural disturbances on historical carbon stocks at the
regional scale. We reconstruct the dynamics of vegetation carbon stocks and flows in forests across the past 100 years for
a valley in the eastern Swiss Prealps using quantitative and qualitative information from forest management plans. The excellent
quality of the historical information makes it possible to link dynamics in growing stocks with high-resolution time series
for natural and anthropogenic disturbances. The results of the historical reconstruction are compared with modelled potential
natural vegetation. Forest carbon stock at the beginning of the twentieth century was substantially reduced compared to natural
conditions as a result of large scale clearcutting lasting until the late nineteenth century. Recovery of the forests from
this unsustainable exploitation and systematic forest management were the main drivers of a strong carbon accumulation during
almost the entire twentieth century. In the 1990s two major storm events and subsequent bark beetle infestations significantly
reduced stocks back to the levels of the mid-twentieth century. The future potential for further carbon accumulation was found
to be strongly limited, as the potential for further forest expansion in this valley is low and forest properties seem to
approach equilibrium with the natural disturbance regime. We conclude that consistent long-term observations of carbon stocks
and their changes provide rich information on the historical range of variability of forest ecosystems. Such historical information
improves our ability to assess future changes in carbon stocks. Further, the information is vital for better parameterization
and initialization of dynamic regional scale vegetation models and it provides important background for appropriate management
decisions. 相似文献
206.
Habitat Loss and Changes in the Species-Area Relationship 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Abstract: The species-area relationship (SAR) has been used successfully to predict extinction from extent of habitat reduction. These extinction estimates assume that species have uniformly distributed range requirements and a minimum abundance level required for persistence; how many species are lost depends solely on how much habitat is removed, not on where it is removed. We consider another limiting case in which range requirements, rather than abundances, determine extinctions. We used a new method for constructing SARs based on assumptions about geographic ranges of species. Our results show that habitat destruction can change the SAR and consequently the number of species predicted to be lost due to habitat destruction. Our method generates SARs that vary in shape according to the specific distributions of geographic range and occupancy but that have the common feature of being described by a power law with an exponent of <1. When the geographic range of species was included in the SAR, the way habitat was lost became important. Although the SAR before habitat destruction is often used to predict species loss after habitat destruction, assumptions must be clearly stated. To predict the damage caused by habitat loss with our model, it is necessary to know the fraction of aggregated species, the distribution of geographic ranges, the form of habitat destruction, and the sampling protocol. The remaining theoretical challenge is to develop a full theory that links abundance and range. 相似文献
207.
大鼠类Alu重复序列的克隆及其在染色体DNA突变分析中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从大鼠低Cot值DNA文库分离到一种类Alu的重复序列,命名为RALRS-1。对RALRS-1克隆并进行了测序,长度为283bp,发现其中含有单一的微卫星(microsatellite)序列AG,AGG和AGGG。RALRS-1DNA序列在大鼠单倍体基因组中的拷贝数为150000~330000。依RALRS-1中的一段序列合成了一28寡核苷酸探针(AGGG)7,对大鼠正常组织和肿瘤组织DNA指数谱 相似文献
208.
Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of two castor cultivars in relation to antioxidant systems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hanzhi Zhang Qingjun Guo Junxing Yang Tongbin Chen Guangxu Zhu Marc Peters Rongfei Wei Liyan Tian Chunyu Wang Deyun Tan Jie M Gangming Wang Yingxin Wan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(10):2048-2055
To investigate the effects of Cd on tolerance and antioxidant activities of castor, two different castor(Ricinus communis L.) cultivars(Zibo No. 5 and Zibo No. 8) were used for a hydroponic experiment(0, 1 and 2 mg/L Cd) and a pot experiment using Cd-contaminated soil(34 mg/kg) with the addition of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid(EDTA). The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultivars with respect to Cd uptake in shoots(113–248 mg/kg for Zibo No. 5 and 130–288 mg/kg Zibo No. 8), biomass tolerance indexes(64.9%–74.6% for Zibo No. 5 and 80.1%–90.9% for Zibo No. 8) in the hydroponic experiment and survival rates(0% for Zibo No. 5 and 100% for Zibo No. 8)determined by the addition of EDTA in the pot experiment, suggesting that Zibo No. 8 has higher tolerance than Zibo No. 5. Moreover, the castor cultivars have low bioconcentration factors(4.80% for Zibo No. 5 and 5.43% for Zibo No. 8) and low translocation factors(〈1%).Consequently, Zibo No. 8 can participate in Cd phytostabilization in highly Cd-polluted areas. The results indicated that glutathione(GSH) as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase(GPX), were cultivar- and dose-dependent. The higher tolerance of Zibo No. 8compared with Zibo No. 5 can be attributed to the higher GSH levels in the root and higher GPX activity in the leaf. 相似文献
209.
Chafika Mazouni Géraldine Porcu-Buisson Nadine Girard R. Sakr Dominique Figarella-Ballanger Béatrice Guidicelli Pascal Bonnier Marc Gamerre 《黑龙江环境通报》2003,23(2):104-107
Fetal brain tumors are rare and teratoma is considered as the most common. Fetal MR Imaging is currently used to evaluate cases of ventricular dilatation. We report a case of cerebral immature teratoma detected by ultrasonography because of ventricular dilatation at 24 gestational weeks. MRI was the more accurate imaging method in depicting the tumor and its consequences on brain development as well as in taking a decision with regard to the management of pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
210.