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81.
Assessing depleted uranium (DU) contamination of soil, plants and earthworms at UK weapons testing sites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliver IW Graham MC MacKenzie AB Ellam RM Farmer JG 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(7):740-748
Depleted uranium (DU) weapons testing programmes have been conducted at two locations within the UK. An investigation was therefore carried out to assess the extent of any environmental contamination arising from these test programmes using both alpha spectrometry and mass spectrometry techniques. Uranium isotopic signatures indicative of DU contamination were observed in soil, plant and earthworm samples collected in the immediate vicinity of test firing points and targets, but contamination was found to be localised to these areas. This paper demonstrates the superiority of the (235)U : (238)U ratio over the (234)U : (238)U ratio for identifying and quantifying DU contamination in environmental samples, and also describes the respective circumstances under which alpha spectrometry or mass spectrometry may be the more appropriate analytical tool. 相似文献
82.
Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non‐governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community‐based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice‐of‐technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated. 相似文献
83.
Margaret E. Slade 《Resources Policy》1980,6(3):223-239
An econometric model of the US copper and aluminium industries is simulated to evaluate the impact that higher energy prices and declining ore quality will have on copper–aluminium substitution and recycling in the USA in the next decade. The unique features of the model described here include the calculation of elasticities of substitution between copper and aluminium from the production functions of the using sectors, the use of statistical (not engineering) cost functions for both the primary and the secondary industries, and the explicit consideration of ore- quality deterioration as primary production progresses. 相似文献
84.
Haith DA Lee PC Clark JM Roy GR Imboden MJ Walden RR 《Journal of environmental quality》2002,31(3):724-729
Pesticide volatilization models are typically based on equilibrium partitioning of the chemical into solid, liquid, and gaseous phases in the soil environment. In turf systems direct vaporization from vegetation surfaces is a more likely source, and it is difficult to apply equilibrium methods to plant material due to the uncertainties of solid-liquid-gas partitioning. An alternative approach is to assume that pesticide volatilization is governed by the same processes that affect water evaporation. A model was developed in which evapotranspiration values, as determined by the Penman equation, were adjusted to chemical vaporization using ratios of water and chemical saturated vapor pressures and latent heats of vaporization. The model also assumes first-order degradation of pesticide on turf vegetation over time. The model was tested by comparisons of predictions with measurements of volatilization for eight pesticides measured during 3 to 7 d in 11 field experiments. Measured volatilization fluxes ranged from 0.1 to 22% of applied chemical. Pesticides were divided into two groups based on saturated vapor pressures and organic C partition coefficients. One pesticide was selected from each group to calibrate the model's volatilization constant for the group, and the remaining pesticides were used for model testing. Testing results indicated that the model provides relatively conservative estimates of pesticide volatilization. Predicted mean losses exceeded observations by 20%, and the model explained 67% of the observed variation in volatilization fluxes. The model was most accurate for those chemicals that exhibited the largest volatilization losses. 相似文献
85.
Christopher P. Holt Paul S. Phillips Margaret P. Bates 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2000,30(4)
As a result of the UK Government's waste policy, which increasingly encourages sustainable development, and the realisation that water in the UK cannot be treated as an unlimited resource, there is growing interest in reducing the demand for water by industry. A series of industrial waste minimisation clubs have been set up within the country. This paper identifies the effectiveness of these clubs in reducing the demand for water. An overview of some of the clubs show how there is a major discrepancy between potential and implemented water savings, whilst a more detailed analysis of three specific examples show how water demand and cost to the company can be reduced, with the project paying for itself within around 1 year. It appears that companies are able to reduce water consumption by approximately 30%. If this level of saving was taken up by the entire industrial sector in England and Wales, water consumption could be reduced by approximately 1500 Ml/day. This reduction would be more significant in regions of lower rainfall, for example East Anglia and Southeast England. 相似文献
86.
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88.
Two regions of the mitochondrial genome (cytochrome oxidase I and ATPase 8–ATPase 6) were used to examine the population genetic
structure of New Zealand’s endemic abalone (Haliotis iris). Samples were collected from 28 locations around New Zealand between January 2005 and February 2008. At least four phylogeographic
breaks were present and occurred across the Chatham rise, in the western Cook Strait region, along the southeast coast of
the South Island, and at East Cape in the North Island. Gene flow across the Chatham rise is probably limited due to infrequent
dispersal across large geographic distances (~850 km), while factors limiting gene flow around the North and South Islands
are less clear, and understanding these may require intense temporal and spatial sampling in complex hydrographic regions.
High genetic diversity and weak genetic structure may be a general feature of abalone potentially reflecting large and/or
ancient populations. 相似文献
89.
This paper provides an assessment of the tools required to fulfil the air quality management role now expected of local authorities within the UK. The use of a range of pollution monitoring tools in assessing air quality is discussed and illustrated with evidence from a number of previous studies of urban background and roadside pollution monitoring in Leicester. A number of approaches to pollution modelling currently available for deployment are examined. Subsequently, the modelling and monitoring tools are assessed against the requirements of local authorities establishing air quality management areas. Whilst the paper examines UK-based policy, the study is of wider international interest. 相似文献
90.
Dean M. Gilligan Lynn M. Woodworth Margaret E. Montgomery David A. Briscoe & Richard Frankham 《Conservation biology》1997,11(5):1235-1241
The accumulation of new deleterious mutations has been predicted to constitute a significant threat to the survival of finite sexually reproducing populations. Three measures of genetic load were made on populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained at effective population sizes of 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 for 45 or 50 generations and their outbred base population and a new sample from the same wild population. Genetic loads were measured as fitness differentials between inbred and non-inbred lines derived from each population under both benign ( productivity of single pairs) and competitive (competitive index) conditions. No trend of smaller populations exhibiting greater genetic loads than larger ones was observed under either benign or competitive conditions. Further, genetic loads were similar in captive and wild populations. Frequencies of deleterious and lethal alleles on chromosome II were measured by making the chromosome (approximately 40% of the genome) homozygous using a marked balancer stock. Neither deleterious nor lethal allele frequencies exhibited a relationship with population size. The accumulation of detrimental mutations does not appear to pose a significant threat to finite sexual populations with effective sizes of 25 or more over the 100–200 year time frames considered in most wildlife conservation programs. 相似文献