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191.
Masayo Soma Daichi S. Saito Toshikazu Hasegawa Kazuo Okanoya 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(11):1695-1705
Maternal effects, such as investment in eggs, have profound effects on offspring fitness. Mothers are expected to skew their
investment depending on the laying order and sex when unequal sibling competition occurs within a brood because of sex-specific
vulnerability and age hierarchy caused by asynchronous hatching. The Bengalese finch hatches asynchronously and shows a moderate
reversed sexual size dimorphism. However, contrary to commonly accepted assumptions of size-dependent vulnerability, the smaller
sex (male) is more vulnerable to developmental stress caused by sibling competition. We investigated whether maternal investment
would be biased by the position in laying order and the sex of eggs, and also explored the possible differences in growth
patterns depending on sex, laying order, and age hierarchy by observing chicks fostered to experimentally manipulated broods
where brood composition was controlled and age hierarchy was more enhanced than in natural breeding conditions. We found that
overall patterns of maternal investment favored the disadvantageous sectors of sibling competition, i.e., eggs of later laying
order and sons over those of early laying order and daughters. We also examined the effect of laying order on adult body size
and sex differences in growth patterns. When reared in the subordinate age hierarchy, females could compensate for the deficit
of decreased growth rate by taking longer to mature, whereas males could not. We suggest that this sex-specific growth pattern
could be the cause of sex differences in vulnerability to early developmental stress. 相似文献
192.
The EU vision of sustainable agriculture, land use, forestry and management of natural resources contributes to the balanced exploitation of the environment, taking into account rural development strategy. Whilst the EU directs activities through legislative tools, national systems of public administration are responsible for the implementation of the respective laws. Despite there not being acquis communautaire in public administration, non-formal cooperation has nevertheless emerged and systems of national public administration have to meet EU criteria and ensure the effective implementation of legislation. The paper presents an analysis of how Slovak state administration has converged with EU requirements in the field of sustainable agriculture, land use, forestry and natural resources. Administrative convergence is considered through the internal convergence represented by capacities without legal subjectivity, and through external convergence represented by legal and administrative subjectivity. Both approaches are observed at the central level within specialized public authorities. Local state administration is characterized by the creation of internal administrative capacities with the challenging delimitation of which competences are affected by the process of administrative convergence. 相似文献
193.
The gas phase equilibrium calculation for the C‐H‐O system at atmospheric pressure and temperature from 773 to 1773 K at intervals of 250 K was performed to understand the generation and decomposition behavior of dibenzo‐p‐dioxin (DD), dibenzo‐p‐furan (DF) and biphenyl (BP) in relation to the existing oxygen potential. It is possible to categorize these results into three regions from the viewpoint of this potential: region (A), region (B) and region (C) are that of the higher, modest and lower oxygen potential, respectively. In region (A), the equilibrium amounts of DD, DF and BP are nearly zero. In region (B), they increase once and then decrease with rise in temperature. In the most characteristic region (C), they increase uniformly with rise in temperature. 相似文献
194.
Vladimír Bencko Ji?í Rame? Eleonora Fabiánová Ji?í Pe?ek Marián Jakubis 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):239-243
The subject of the study was the ecological and human health consequences of environmental pollution from emissions arising
from burning local coal with an arsenic content ranging from 900 to 1,500 g/tonne of dry substance. The first indication of
environmental pollution by arsenic-containing emissions was the mass extinction of honeybee colonies. The neurotoxic and carcinogenic
aspects of arsenic exposure were followed. On using a group diagnostics approach, significant hearing losses were detected
in exposed children in both air and bone conduction audiometry at high frequency range (4,000 and 8,000 Hz, respectively).
Exposure assessment of the local population of the Prievidza district, Central Slovakia, was based on biological monitoring.
The criterion of higher exposure was arsenic content in hair exceeding concentrations of 3 μg/g of hair. In a 7.5-km radius
of the exposed region, live about two-tenths of the district population who were considered as “exposed” and rest of the district
served as the “reference” population. The subject of our analysis was a database of 1,503 non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC)
cases (756 in men and 747 in women) collected from 1977 to 1996 in the Prievidza district, Central Slovakia (population ~125,000).
The age standardized incidence of NMSC (each confirmed by histological examination) in non-occupational settings ranged from
45.9 to 93.9 in men and from 34.6 to 81.4 in women. Analysis of our data demonstrates a positive correlation between human
cumulative exposure to arsenic and incidence of NMSC. 相似文献
195.
In the post-genome-sequencing era, emerging genomic technologies are shifting the paradigm for drug discovery and development.
Nevertheless, drug discovery and development still remain high-risk and high-stakes ventures with long and costly timelines.
Indeed, the attrition of drug candidates in preclinical and development stages is a major problem in drug design. For at least
30% of the candidates, this attrition is due to poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have begun
to seriously re-evaluate their current strategies of drug discovery and development. In that light, we propose that a transport
mechanism-based design might help to create new, pharmacokinetically advantageous drugs, and as such should be considered
an important component of drug design strategy. Performing enzyme- and/or cell-based drug transporter, interaction tests may
greatly facilitate drug development and allow the prediction of drug–drug interactions. We recently developed methods for
high-speed functional screening and quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis to study the substrate specificity
of ABC transporters and to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphisms on their function. These methods would provide a practical
tool to screen synthetic and natural compounds, and these data can be applied to the molecular design of new drugs. In this
review article, we present an overview on the genetic polymorphisms of human ABC transporter ABCG2 and new camptothecin analogues
that can circumvent AGCG2-associated multidrug resistance of cancer. 相似文献
196.
Sugawara Y Saito K Ogawa M Kobayashi S Shan G Sanborn JR Hammock BD Nakazawa H Matsuki Y 《Chemosphere》2002,46(9-10):1471-1476
In this study, the development of a toxicity evaluation method for dioxins in human milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was reported. A total of 17 human milk samples were tested by ELISA and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to assess whether the ELISA performed on samples obtained from primiparas could be considered as reliable enough for identifying a dioxins contamination in human milk. The concept of toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) screening was validated by comparing TEQ values for a set of human milk samples to the ELISA responses predicted for those samples. A fairly good correlation (r=0.920) between immunoassay and GC/MS was achieved for human milk. This ELISA should be useful for biological samples monitoring. 相似文献
197.
This study aimed at clarifying the impact of deforestation and afforestation on the quality of life in a village in Sichuan Province, China. We devised a conceptual model of bioresource production and use based on quantified energy flow. The basic structure of the model has three sectors: production, use, and externals. We developed comprehensive methodology to quantify the model. Bioresource use per person in 1997 was 3.7 GJ for food, 10.2 GJ for fodder, 0.2–0.4 GJ for building material, 12.8 GJ for fuel, and 1.8 GJ for fertilizer, totaling 28.6–28.8 GJ.We used four environmental indicators to evaluate bioresource production and use: a biological productivity indicator, a use-efficiency indicator, a supply–demand balance indicator, and a self-sufficiency indicator. Use of these indicators showed that supply-demand balance of fuel was dramatically improved from 30% to 85% by afforestation, but 99% of bioresource use still depends on domestic products. Thus, it is necessary to improve biological productivity and promote the efficient use of bioresources to achieve sustainable living in the area. Massive deforestation in the 1950s caused a direct shortage of building material and fuel wood. The shortage of wood led to a stagnation in the rebuilding of houses, and fuel wood was substituted with crop residues. Because crop residues had been used for fertilizer and fodder, their use as fuel caused a shortage of fertilizer and fodder. This was an indirect impact of deforestation on peoples quality of life. 相似文献
198.
A study of the direct uptake by Artemia salina of phosphate ion from the medium and its incorporation into acid-soluble organic phosphorous compounds over a range of exposure time from 2 to 30 min, using 32PO4 ion, indicated that the phosphate ion was directly taken up and was rapidly incorporated into the energy-rich compounds, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which were separated by ion-exchange chromatography using Dowex-1, X2. Even after an exposure of 2 min, the sum of the radioactivity of nucleotide-fractions was 37.4% of that of the whole acid-soluble extract. The most rapid incorporation of 32P occurred into ATP, followed by GTP and ADP. The amount of 32P incorporated into each fraction increased with increased exposure, giving straight lines when the radioactivity of each fraction was plotted against the exposure time on a logarithmic scale. Almost no difference, however, was observed in the distribution rate of 32P into each fraction at 2, 5, 10 and 30 min. These results show that inorganic phosphate absorbed by A. salina is rapidly incorporated into the energy-rich nucleotides, and that a dynamic equilibrium is established among various acid-soluble phosphorous compounds even after very short periods of time. 相似文献
199.
Miyajima K Itabashi G Koshida T Tamari K Takahashi D Arakawa T Kudo H Saito H Yano K Shiba K Mitsubayashi K 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,182(1-4):233-241
Immunoassay methods are generally used for measuring of allergenic substances. However, they need special facilities, skilled handling, and time-consuming procedure. In this work, a fiber-optic immunoassay system which could measure allergen by fluorescent intensities of immune complexes formed by allergens and fluorescently labeled antibodies was established. Immune complexes absorbed on the optical fiber probe surface, and excitation light was injected into the probe, then evanescent field is created in the proximity of the probe. The fluorophores were excited by the evanescent light, and fluorescence was detected by a photo diode. The target allergen detected by our system was Der f1 derived from Dermatophagoides farinae that is one of the house dust mite and major source of inhaled allergens. The fluorophore used labeling on detecting antibody was cyanine 5. The system enabled to detect and quantitatively determine of Der f1. The measurement range was from 0.24 to 250?ng/ml, and the result competes with ELISA. The measurement time was 16?min/sample. The immunoassay system was applied to measurement of Der f1 from actual dust samples. Calculated values of Der f1 showed good correlations between the fiber-optic fluoroimmunoassay and ELISA. 相似文献
200.