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71.
A hydrological-based model (HBV-NP) was applied to a catchment (1900 km2) in the southern part of Sweden. Careful characterization of the present load situation and the potential for improved treatment or reduced soil leaching were analyzed. Several scenarios were modeled to find strategies to reach the Swedish environmental goals of reducing anthropogenic nitrogen load by 30% and phosphorus load by 20%. It was stated that the goals could be reached by different approaches that would affect different polluters and social sectors. However, no single measure was enough by itself. Instead, a combination of measures was necessary to achieve the goals. The nitrogen goal was the most difficult to attain. In order to be cost-effective, these measures should be applied to areas contributing the most to the net loading of the sea. This strategy could reduce the costs by 70%-80% when compared with implementing the measures in the entire catchment. Integrated catchment models may thus be helpful tools for reducing costs in environmental control programs. 相似文献
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Thirty-seven addled peregrine falcon eggs collected in South Greenland between 1986 and 2003 were analysed for their content of the organochlorine compounds polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl tricloroethane (DDT) and its degradation products, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). PCBs and DDT (including metabolites) were by far the most abundant OC groups, with median concentrations of 55 and 40 microg/g lw, respectively. The concentrations were high in an Arctic context, but similar to previously reported levels from Alaska and Norway and slightly lower than concentrations measured in eggs from industrialised regions. Geographical differences may be of importance, considering the migration of peregrine falcons and their prey. SigmaHCH and HCB had median concentrations of 0.39 and 0.17 microg/g lw, respectively. On average, DDE accounted for 97% of SigmaDDT, but was below critical levels for eggshell thinning. All compound groups showed a weak decreasing trend over the study period, which was statistically significant for HCB and close to being significant for SigmaHCH. The weak decrease of SigmaPCB and SigmaDDT is different from other time trend studies from Greenland, usually showing a more pronounced decrease in the beginning of the study period, followed by a certain stabilisation in recent years. 相似文献
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The fate of aromatic amines in natural systems is important to understand due to the persistence and toxicity of these chemicals. Laboratory experiments were performed to elucidate aniline and benzidine behavior in silty-clay, sandy loam, and sandy soils, and six background matrices (rainwater, 12.5 mM CaCl(2), 25 mM CaCl(2), and each passed through soil columns). The goals of this study were to test the validity of using CaCl(2) as a laboratory simulation for rainwater and to observe how short-term sorption (24 h) of aniline and benzidine changed when these solutions were passed through soil columns. Results indicated that neither CaCl(2) solution exactly predicted the sorption of these chemicals in corresponding rainwater solutions, likely due to varying soil properties that influenced the sorption mechanisms. Statistical analyses revealed that the passage of rainwater or CaCl(2) solutions through soil columns did not significantly affect the sorption of aniline or benzidine. Cation exchange and solubility plots were created to identify the sorption mechanisms taking place in the short-term batch experiments. These plots indicated that cation exchange played a role in the sorption of both aniline and benzidine under all conditions, while solubility plots showed higher correlations for benzidine, a consequence of its lower aqueous solubility. 相似文献
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Composition B (Comp B) is a commonly used military formulation composed of the toxic explosive compounds 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Numerous studies of the temporal fate of explosive compounds in soils, surface water and laboratory batch reactors have been conducted. However, most of these investigations relied on the application of explosive compounds to the media via aqueous addition and thus these studies do not provide information on the real world loading of explosive residues during detonation events. To address this we investigated the dissolution and sorption of TNT and RDX from Comp B residues loaded to pure mineral phases through controlled detonation. Mineral phases included nontronite, vermiculite, biotite and Ottawa sand (quartz with minor calcite). High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the dissolution and sorption of TNT and RDX residues loaded onto the mineral surfaces. Detonation resulted in heterogeneous loading of TNT and RDX onto the mineral surfaces. Explosive compound residues dissolved rapidly (within 9 h) in all samples but maximum concentrations for TNT and RDX were not consistent over time due to precipitation from solution, sorption onto mineral surfaces, and/or chemical reactions between explosive compounds and mineral surfaces. We provide a conceptual model of the physical and chemical processes governing the fate of explosive compound residues in soil minerals controlled by sorption-desorption processes. 相似文献
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昆明市蔬菜及其土壤中铅、镉、铜和锌含量水平及污染评价 总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32
对昆明市蔬菜及其土壤中铅、镉、铜和锌含量水平进行了初步的调查并对其土壤污染进行了评价,结果表明蔬菜土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn均存在一定程度的污染,其中Pb、Zn为轻污染,Cd、Cu为中污染,土壤重金属综合评价为中污染.蔬菜可食部分Pb、Cd、Zn的含量均超过国家食品卫生标准和绿色蔬菜标准,依次为Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn.蔬菜中Pb含量过高与汽车尾气Pb污染有很大的关系. 相似文献
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Marianne Olufsen Augustine Arukwe 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2015,22(22):17350-17366