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201.
Sean O’Donnell Marie R. Clifford Susan J. Bulova Sara DeLeon Christopher Papa Nazaneen Zahedi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(4):529-536
Adaptive brain architecture hypotheses predict brain region investment matches the cognitive and sensory demands an individual confronts. Social hymenopteran queen and worker castes differ categorically in behavior and physiology leading to divergent sensory experiences. Queens in mature colonies are largely nest-bound while workers depart nests to forage. We predicted social paperwasp castes would differ in tissue allocation among brain regions. We expected workers to invest relatively more than queens in neural tissues that process visual input. As predicted, we found workers invested more in visual relative to antennal processing than queens both in peripheral sensory lobes and in central processing brain regions (mushroom bodies). Although we did not measure individual brain development changes, our comparative data provide a preliminary test of mechanisms of caste differences. Paperwasp species differ in the degree of caste differentiation (monomorphic versus polymorphic castes) and in colony structure (independent- versus swarm-founding); these differences could correspond to the magnitude of caste brain divergence. If caste differences resulted from divergent developmental programs (experience-expectant brain growth), we predicted species with morphologically distinct queens, and/or swarm-founders, would show greater caste divergence of brain architecture. Alternatively, if adult experience affected brain plasticity (experience-dependent brain growth), we predicted independent-founding species would show greater caste divergence of brain architecture. Caste polymorphism was not related to the magnitude of queen-worker brain differences, and independent-founder caste brain differences were greater than swarm-founder caste differences. Greater caste separation in independent-founder brain structure suggests a role for adult experience in the development of caste-specific brain anatomy. 相似文献
202.
J. Durban D. Ellifrit M. Dahlheim J. Waite C. Matkin L. Barrett-Lennard G. Ellis R. Pitman R. LeDuc P. Wade 《Marine Biology》2010,157(7):1591-1604
We used photographic mark-recapture methods to estimate the number of mammal-eating “transient” killer whales using the coastal
waters from the central Gulf of Alaska to the central Aleutian Islands, around breeding rookeries of endangered Steller sea
lions. We identified 154 individual killer whales from 6,489 photographs collected between July 2001 and August 2003. A Bayesian
mixture model estimated seven distinct clusters (95% probability interval = 7–10) of individuals that were differentially
covered by 14 boat-based surveys exhibiting varying degrees of association in space and time. Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods
were used to sample identification probabilities across the distribution of clusters to estimate a total of 345 identified
and undetected whales (95% probability interval = 255–487). Estimates of covariance between surveys, in terms of their coverage
of these clusters, indicated spatial population structure and seasonal movements from these near-shore waters, suggesting
spatial and temporal variation in the predation pressure on coastal marine mammals. 相似文献
203.
Marie Lafaille Gaëlle Bimbard Michael D. Greenfield 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(9):1485-1494
Life history theory predicts that organisms make certain adjustments to their current and future reproductive effort such
that fitness is maximized. Moreover, these adjustments may be fine tuned in response to risks of attack by natural enemies.
Thus, we may predict that as an organism ages it will accept increasing levels of exposure to predators during mating activities,
effectively trading the risk of losing terminal mating opportunities for the risk of predation. We tested this prediction
in an acoustic moth, Achroia grisella, in which females orient toward and evaluate males based on their ultrasonic calling song, and both sexes may be vulnerable
to predation by insectivorous bats while in flight as well as on the substrate. In the latter situation, singing males and
orienting females show silence and arrestment responses, respectively, when presented with synthetic bat echolocation signals
broadcast above a threshold amplitude. We found that both males and females become less sensitive to these broadcasts over
the course of their brief reproductive periods, 7 and 5 days, respectively. Over the same periods, sensitivity to male song
in both males and females remains constant, and relatively little senescence in sexual behavior is observed. These results
support the risk trading hypothesis, and they indicate that life history principles may apply over a very short lifespan. 相似文献
204.
205.
Pierangeli G. Vital Marie Bernadine D. Caballes Windell L. Rivera 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(9):683-689
Foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce consumption have escalated worldwide, causing microbial safety of produce of critical importance. Bacteria that have increasingly been detected in fresh produce are Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., both of which have been shown to progressively display antimicrobial resistance. The study focused on the assessment of antimicrobial resistance of these enteric bacteria from different kinds of fresh produce from various open air markets and supermarkets in the Philippines. Using the disk diffusion assay on a total of 50 bacterial isolates obtained from 410 fresh produce surveyed, monoresistance to tetracycline was observed to be the most prevalent (38%), followed by multidrug resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid (4%), and lastly by dual resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol (2%). Using multiplex and simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, tetA (75%) and tetB (9%) were found in tetracycline resistant isolates, whereas catI (67%) and catIII (33%) were detected in chloramphenicol resistant isolates. Sequence analysis of gyr and par genes from the ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistant isolates revealed different mutations. Based on the results, fresh produce act as a reservoir of these antibiotic resistant bacteria which may pose health threat to consumers. 相似文献
206.
207.
Marie Claire Brisbois Rob C. de Loë 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2017,60(5):883-900
Natural resource industries are increasingly significant actors in environmental decision-making. Possessing vast institutional and technical capacity, firms have an important role to play in ‘new’ governance strategies such as collaboration. These strategies are often based upon assumptions of equitable influence. This paper investigates the nature of resource industry participation in collaborative water governance in Canada, and the potential consequences of that participation as investigated using power theory. The study used comparative cases to reveal that resource industries are able to shape collaboration, and the issues collaborated upon, at multiple analytical levels both internal and external to the collaborative process in ways not available to other actors. Analysis also revealed that resource industry participation in collaboration did not reflect a commitment to engage in shared learning and the reexamination of values and interests as presupposed by collaborative theory. Collaboration is thus challenged in producing equitable, representative outcomes when resource industries participate. 相似文献
208.
Robert Gifford Leila Scannell Christine Kormos Lidia Smolova Anders Biel Stefan Boncu Victor Corral Hartmut Güntherf Kazunori Hanyu Donald Hine Florian G. Kaiser Kalevi Korpela Luisa Marie Lima Angela G. Mertig Ricardo Garcia Mira Gabriel Moser Paola Passafaro José Q. Pinheiro Sunil Saini Toshihiko Sako Elena Sautkina Yannick Savina Peter Schmuck Wesley Schultz Karin Sobeck Eva-Lotta Sundblad David Uzzell 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies. 相似文献
209.
As the nations of the world negotiate future controls on greenhouse gas emissions, a critical environmental policy issue becomes
understanding the multiple environmental consequences of these controls. Here we describe an integrated assessment model for
quantifying multiple environmental impacts of large-scale environmental initiatives and apply this model to climate change
mitigation. Our analysis shows that reductions in global warming will be accompanied by reductions in ozone depletion, acid
rain and mercury emissions, and desulfurization waste generation. We also conclude that the largest collateral benefits from
reducing global climate change may be in the developing world. This result is critical since it is the developing nations
who ultimately control the long-term success of any climate stabilization strategy.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
210.
Ahmed S. O. Mohareb Ahmed H. Hassanin K. Candelier Marie France Thévenon Zeki Candan 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2017,25(2):126-135
The urban solid waste problem has been one of the biggest environmental challenges these days. In this context, developing biocomposites with improved performance by using various sources and wastes has been intensified in the last decades for economic and environmental points of view. In this study, physical behavior, fungal decay and termite attack tests were conducted in laboratory conditions to investigate the performance of composites developed from TetraPak and textile wastes. All the results were compared to standard wood products. The water swelling properties strongly decreased in the manufactured TetraPak composites when compared with the conventional particleboard panels. The fungal decay resistance tests revealed that the stand alone TetraPak based composites were not completely resistant to wood-decaying fungi. A significant amelioration in the decay durability was observed for the manufactured TetraPak composites compared to the standard wood samples. Durability classes were determined according to the criteria given in the European standard (CEN/TS15083-1). Interestingly, the data indicated that the increment of the wool waste proportion in the produced boards lead to a significant enhancement counter the test fungi. The results of termite screening test showed further considerable resistance for whole TetraPak based composites against termites when compared to traditional wood samples. Such panels could be an available alternative without any additives for wood based composite structures and it can be used in a wide range of applications. 相似文献