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111.
The protection of the Baltic Sea ecosystem is exacerbated by the social, environmental and economic complexities of governing
European fisheries. Increased stakeholder participation and knowledge integration are suggested to improve the EU’s Common
Fisheries Policy (CFP), suffering from legitimacy, credibility and compliance problems. As a result, the CFP was revised in
2002 to involve fisheries representatives, NGOs and other stakeholders through so called Regional Advisory Councils (RACs)
in the policy process. We address the RAC’s task to incorporate stakeholder knowledge into the EU’s fisheries governance system
in empirical and theoretical perspectives. Drawing on a four-stage governance concept we subsequently suggest that a basic
problem is a mismatch between participation purpose (knowledge inclusion) and the governance stage at which RACs are formally
positioned (evaluation of management proposals). We conclude that, if the aim is to broaden the knowledge base of fisheries
management, stakeholders need to be included earlier in the governance process. 相似文献
112.
Antonella Soro Manfred Ayasse Marion U. Zobel Robert J. Paxton 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):641-653
The ability to discriminate degrees of relatedness may be expected to evolve if it allows unreciprocated altruism to be preferentially
directed towards kin (Hamilton in J Theor Biol 7:1–16, 1964). We explored the possibility of kin recognition in the primitively eusocial halictid bee Lasioglossum malachurum by investigating the reliability of worker odour cues that can be perceived by workers to act as indicators of either nest
membership or kinship. Cuticular and Dufour’s gland compounds varied significantly among colonies of L. malachurum, providing the potential for nestmate discrimination. A significant, though weak, negative correlation between chemical distance
and genetic relatedness (r = −0.055, p < 0.001) suggests a genetic component to variation in cuticular bouquet, but odour cues were not informative enough to discriminate
between different degrees of relatedness within nests. This pattern of variation was similar for Dufour’s gland bouquets.
The presence of unrelated individuals within nests that are not chemically different from their nestmates suggests that the
discrimination system of L. malachurum is prone to acceptance errors. Compounds produced by colony members are likely combined to generate a gestalt colony chemical
signature such that all nestmates have a similar smell. The correlation between odour cues and nest membership was greater
for perceived compounds than for non-perceived compounds, suggesting that variability in perceived compounds is a result of
positive selection for nestmate recognition despite potentially stabilising selection to reduce variability in odour differences
and thereby to reduce costs derived from excessive intracolony nepotistic behaviour. 相似文献
113.
In streams and creeks, the aquatic flora is exposed to fluctuating concentrations of herbicides during and following their application. Peak concentrations of herbicides, like the chloroacetanilide S-metolachlor, are usually detected following rain events. In this study, we assessed the effect of S-metolachlor pulse exposure on the algae Scenedesmus vacuolatus. We measured the time-dependency of effects during exposure on algae population and identified the algae development stage most sensitive to S-metolachlor. Furthermore, we assessed the time-to-recovery of the algae following exposure. A 6h pulse exposure at 598mugl(-1) was sufficient to inhibit cell reproduction by 50%. However, the exposure period had to coincide with the cell development stage specifically inhibited by S-metolachlor, which is the end of the cell growth phase. In algae populations composed of cells at all development stages, we initially observed an increase in the size of some algal cells, ultimately leading to an inhibition of the growth rate. In these experimental conditions, effects were observed after 18h of exposure and greatly increased with time. The recovery of algae following exposure to strongly inhibiting S-metolachlor concentrations was delayed and only occurred after 29h. These findings suggest that peak exposure to S-metolachlor may affect the growth of sensitive alga in surface waters, considering that the effects extend beyond the period of exposure. 相似文献
114.
Chloé Merlin Marion Devers Olivier Crouzet Cécile Heraud Christian Steinberg Christian Mougin Fabrice Martin-Laurent 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(7):4914-4927
The insecticide chlordecone is a contaminant found in most of the banana plantations in the French West Indies. This study aims to search for fungal populations able to grow on it. An Andosol heavily contaminated with chlordecone, perfused for 1 year in a soil–charcoal system, was used to conduct enrichment cultures. A total of 103 fungal strains able to grow on chlordecone-mineral salt medium were isolated, purified, and deposited in the MIAE collection (Microorganismes d'Intérêt Agro-Environnemental, UMR Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France). Internal transcribed spacer sequencing revealed that all isolated strains belonged to the Ascomycota phylum and gathered in 11 genera: Metacordyceps, Cordyceps, Pochonia, Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Purpureocillium, Bionectria, Penicillium, and Aspergillus. Among predominant species, only one isolate, Fusarium oxysporum MIAE01197, was able to grow in a liquid culture medium that contained chlordecone as sole carbon source. Chlordecone increased F. oxysporum MIAE01197 growth rate, attesting for its tolerance to this organochlorine. Moreover, F. oxysporum MIAE01197 exhibited a higher EC50 value than the reference strain F. oxysporum MIAE00047. This further suggests its adaptation to chlordecone tolerance up to 29.2 mg l?1. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that 40 % of chlordecone was dissipated in F. oxysporum MIAE01197 suspension culture. No chlordecone metabolite was detected by GC-MS. However, weak amount of 14CO2 evolved from 14C10-chlordecone and 14C10-metabolites were observed. Sorption of 14C10-chlordecone onto fungal biomass followed a linear relationship (r 2?=?0.99) suggesting that it may also account for chlordecone dissipation in F. oxysporum MIAE01197 culture. 相似文献
115.
Marlies Hrad Martin Piringer Ludek Kamarad Kathrin Baumann-Stanzer Marion Huber-Humer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6251-6262
Open digestate storage tanks were identified as one of the main methane (CH4) emitters of a biogas plant. The main purpose of this paper is to determine these emission rates using an inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with open-path tunable diode laser spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) concentration measurements for multisource reconstruction. Since the condition number, a measure of “ill-conditioned” matrices, strongly influences the accuracy of source reconstruction, it is used as a diagnostic of error sensitivity. The investigations demonstrate that the condition number for a given source-sensor configuration in the highly disturbed flow field within the plant significantly depends on the meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed, stratification, wind direction, etc.). The CH4 emissions are retrieved by removing unrepresentative periods with high condition numbers, which indicate uncertainty in recovering the individual sources. In a final step, the CH4 emissions are compared with the maximum biological methane potential (BMP) in the digestate analyzed under laboratory conditions. The retrieved methane emission rates represent an average of 50 % of the maximum BMP of the stored digestate in the winter months, while they comprised an average of 85 % during the measurement campaigns in the summer months. The results indicate that the open tanks have the potential to represent a substantial emission source even during colder periods. 相似文献
116.
Ursula Klaschka Peter Carsten von der Ohe Anne Bschorer Sonja Krezmer Manfred Sengl Marion Letzel 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2456-2471
Fragrances are used in a wide array of everyday products and enter the aquatic environment via wastewater. While several musk compounds have been studied in detail, little is known about the occurrence and fate of other fragrances. We selected 16 fragrance compounds and scrutinized their presence in Bavarian sewage treatment plants (STP) influents and effluents and discussed their ecological risks for the receiving surface waters. Moreover, we followed their concentrations along the path in one STP by corresponding time-related water sampling and derived the respective elimination rates in the purification process. Six fragrance substances (OTNE, HHCB, lilial, acetyl cedrene, menthol, and, in some grab samples, also methyl-dihydrojasmonate) could be detected in the effluents of the investigated sewage treatment plants. The other fragrances under scrutiny were only found in the inflow and were eliminated in the purification process. Only OTNE and HHCB were found in the receiving surface waters of the STP in congruent concentrations, which exceeded the preliminary derived environmental thresholds by a factor of 1.15 and 1.12, respectively, indicating potential risks. OTNE was also detected in similar concentration ranges as HHCB in muscles and livers of fish from surface waters and from ponds that are supplied with purified wastewater. The findings show that some fragrance compounds undergo high elimination rates, whereas others—not only musks—are present in receiving surface water and biota and may present a risk to local aquatic biota. Hence, our results suggest that the fate and potential effects of fragrance compounds in the aquatic environment deserve more attention. 相似文献
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120.
Assessing Landscape Functions with Broad-Scale Environmental Data: Insights Gained from a Prototype Development for Europe 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Felix Kienast Janine Bolliger Marion Potschin Rudolf S. de Groot Peter H. Verburg Iris Heller Dirk Wascher Roy Haines-Young 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1099-1120
We examine the advantages and disadvantages of a methodological framework designed to analyze the poorly understood relationships
between the ecosystem properties of large portions of land, and their capacities (stocks) to provide goods and services (flows).
These capacities (stocks) are referred to as landscape functions. The core of our assessment is a set of expert- and literature-driven
binary links, expressing whether specific land uses or other environmental properties have a supportive or neutral role for
given landscape functions. The binary links were applied to the environmental properties of 581 administrative units of Europe
with widely differing environmental conditions and this resulted in a spatially explicit landscape function assessment. To
check under what circumstances the binary links are able to replace complex interrelations, we compared the landscape function
maps with independently generated continent-wide assessments (maps of ecosystem services or environmental parameters/indicators).
This rigorous testing revealed that for 9 out of 15 functions the straightforward binary links work satisfactorily and generate
plausible geographical patterns. This conclusion holds primarily for production functions. The sensitivity of the nine landscape
functions to changes in land use was assessed with four land use scenarios (IPCC SRES). It was found that most European regions
maintain their capacity to provide the selected services under any of the four scenarios, although in some cases at other
locations within the region. At the proposed continental scale, the selected input parameters are thus valid proxies which
can be used to assess the mid-term potential of landscapes to provide goods and services. 相似文献