Public Space Management: Present and Potential

This paper explores approaches to the management of external public space, both now and in the future. The paper is in five parts. The discussion begins with an exploration of why public space management is universally an important concern by drawing from literature that argues that the quality of public space has declined, and that a greater engagement of the public sector in its management is required. Next, the research methodology is discussed which sought to investigate the management of public space in England as an example of trends and responses that point to a broader international concern. The approach included both a national survey of the state of play in public space management and a series of case studies that sought to explore innovative practice. Third, the results of a national survey are briefly outlined, with discussion following the same structure as the survey itself. Next, the results of detailed interviews with 20 local authority case studies that exhibited interesting or innovative practice in the local management of public space are presented. In a final part, conclusions are drawn which confirm that this is an area of public sector responsibility in need of significant investment and reform, but also that top-down initiatives from national government are beginning to inspire a burgeoning range of local government initiatives below. Therefore, although public space management remains a fragmented area of local government activity, a number of local authorities are beginning to establish a corresponding bottom-up agenda that seems to map a potential way forward for the future.     

上海气象参数与太阳活动和ENSO的关系

运用2进小波的分解与重构技术分析了太阳活动、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(ENS0)与上海地区月降水量、月均气压和月均温度序列之间的可能关系。研究结果表明，在不同的时间尺度(频带)上太阳活动和ENS0对上海的月降水量、月均气压和月均温度有不同的影响；在某种程度上ENS0活动对上海月降水量和月均气温的影响强于太阳活动的影响。结果还清楚表明和证实了在不同频带上太阳活动与ENS0活动之间的密切联系。     

正确引导有机食品产业的发展

论述了有机食品开发中存在的问题，提出了发展有机食品产业的建议。     

湖南汛期降水分区和变化规律的探讨

利用湖南５２站汛期降水资料,根据聚类分析方法,进行降水分区,结果共分为Ⅰ区,Ⅲ区（湘北）Ⅲ区（湘东）,Ⅳ区（湘中）和Ⅴ区（湘南）等５个区域,能反映地理位置和地形对降水的影响。然后,通过统计分析,讨论了各区域汛期降水的年际变化趋势,结果表明,Ⅱ区（湘北）汛期降水的年际变化最大;同时,根据各区域汛期降水的距平资料,探讨了它们的变化规律,结果显示,基本上都呈现出上升－下降－上升的特征,只有Ⅴ区（湘南）稍     

石油类对小麦生长的影响研究

为了弄清含油土壤中石油类对小麦生长情况的影响,中原油田进行了两年的盆栽小麦实验。实验中采用不同含油浓度,分别对小麦的出苗率、有效分蘖数、株高、穗长、千粒重及品质进行了观察比较。结果表明:土壤中原油含量对小麦的出苗率影响最明显,其它小麦粒中苯并芘及挥发酚残量均低于国家标准。     

基于ZJU400土工离心机的CFD模拟方法

目的给出可靠的CFD模拟方法,用于土工离心机风阻功率估算,得到流场及温度场模拟结果。方法针对ZJU400中高速大型土工离心机,利用结构化网格划分使转臂及内壁面处的y+值<30,使其满足湍流模型边界层厚度要求。利用k-omega SST湍流模型和MRF多参考系方法对ZJU400土工离心机进行数值模拟,对模拟所得风阻功率、流场和温度场进行对比验证。结果模拟所得风阻功率与ZJU400实测数据偏差<10%,模拟所得流场与文献[8]中的结果吻合,温度场与实测数据吻合。结论针对ZJU400中高速大型土工离心机的CFD模拟方法取得了精度较高的模拟结果,通过仿真模拟弥补了大型土工离心机实验数据缺乏问题,减少了对实验数据的依赖,为制造设计和研究大型土工离心机提供了CFD模拟方法。     

Effects of early developmental conditions on innate immunity are only evident under favourable adult conditions in zebra finches

Long-term effects of unfavourable conditions during development can be expected to depend on the quality of the environment experienced by the same individuals during adulthood. Yet, in the majority of studies, long-term effects of early developmental conditions have been assessed under favourable adult conditions only. The immune system might be particularly vulnerable to early environmental conditions as its development, maintenance and use are thought to be energetically costly. Here, we studied the interactive effects of favourable and unfavourable conditions during nestling and adult stages on innate immunity (lysis and agglutination scores) of captive male and female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Nestling environmental conditions were manipulated by a brood size experiment, while a foraging cost treatment was imposed on the same individuals during adulthood. This combined treatment showed that innate immunity of adult zebra finches is affected by their early developmental conditions and varies between both sexes. Lysis scores, but not agglutination scores, were higher in individuals raised in small broods and in males. However, these effects were only present in birds that experienced low foraging costs. This study shows that the quality of the adult environment may shape the long-term consequences of early developmental conditions on innate immunity, as long-term effects of nestling environment were only evident under favourable adult conditions.     

室内污染物污染与控制

室内空气质量问题已经成为社会各界广泛关注的问题,如何有效地控制室内污染、改善室内空气质量是目前急待解决的问题。文章介绍了室内空气污染的特点、种类和来源。以及对人体的危害,并对传统方法如污染源控制、加强通风透气、植物净化等方法进行了探讨,另外还介绍了目前几种先进的室内环境净化处理技术及各技术的优缺点,进而对室内空气净化技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Do we have to incorporate ecological interactions in the sensitivity assessment of ecosystems? An examination of a theoretical assumption underlying species sensitivity distribution models

Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are statistical distributions which extrapolate single-species toxicity test results to ecosystem effects. This SSD approach assumes that ecological interactions between populations, such as grazing and competition, do not influence the sensitivity of ecosystems. The validity of this assumption in a simple freshwater pelagic ecosystem was tested using ecosystem modelling. For each of a 1000 hypothetical toxicants, a lognormal SSD was fitted to chronic single-species EC10s of the species present. As such, these distributions did not account for ecological interactions and were therefore termed 'conventional SSDs' (cSSDs). Next, sensitivity distributions that did take into account ecological interactions were constructed (eco-SSD) for the same 1000 toxicants, using an ecosystem model. For 254 of the 1000 hypothetical toxicants, mean and/or variance of the cSSD were significantly higher than mean and/or variance of the eco-SSD, as such rejecting the general validity of the tested assumption. A classification tree approach indicated that especially toxicants which directly affect phytoplankton (i.e. herbicides) may have a higher mean for cSSD than for eco-SSD. Conversely, means of eco-SSD and cSSD tend to be equal for toxicants directly affecting zooplankton and fish, e.g. insecticides. For the 254 hypothetical toxicants for which the tested assumption was false, a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) calculated as the lowest single-species EC10 divided by an application factor of 10 was on average a factor 10 lower than the corresponding ecosystem-NOEC calculated by the ecosystem model.