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981.
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen Ute Sass-Klaassen Lourens Poorter Koert van Geffen Richard S. P. van Logtestijn Jurgen van Hal Leo Goudzwaard Frank J. Sterck René K. W. M. Klaassen Grégoire T. Freschet Annemieke van der Wal Henk Eshuis Juan Zuo Wietse de Boer Teun Lamers Monique Weemstra Vincent Cretin Rozan Martin Jan den Ouden Matty P. Berg Rien Aerts Godefridus M. J. Mohren Mariet M. Hefting 《Ambio》2012,41(3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term ‘common-garden’ experiment to disentangle the effects of species’ wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
982.
983.
984.
Ocampo-Duque W Juraske R Kumar V Nadal M Domingo JL Schuhmacher M 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):983-999
Purpose
A conceptual model to assess water quality in river basins was developed here. The model was based on ecological risk assessment principles, and incorporated a novel ranking and scoring system, based on self-organizing maps, to account for the likely ecological hazards posed by the presence of chemical substances in freshwater. This approach was used to study the chemical pollution in the Ebro River basin (Spain), whose currently applied environmental indices must be revised in terms of scientific accuracy. 相似文献985.
Ginebreda A Jelić A Petrović M López de Alda M Barceló D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(4):958-970
Introduction
Lists of compounds resulting from environmental monitoring may be conveniently represented in a very general way using Pareto distributions, after ranking them on descending order according to their concentration or hazard quotient expressed as percentages, depending on whether the objective of the monitoring is focussed on mass load occurrence or risk assessment respectively. 相似文献986.
José Robles-MolinaMaría J. Martín de Vidales Juan F. García-ReyesPablo Cañizares Cristina SáezManuel A. Rodrigo Antonio Molina-Díaz 《Chemosphere》2012,89(10):1169-1176
The electrochemical transformation of the organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) was investigated in wastewater. The oxidation of CPF was carried out in a single-compartment electrochemical flow cell working under batch operation mode, using diamond-based material as anode and stainless steel as cathode. In order to evaluate its persistence and degradation pathway, two different concentration levels (1.0 mg L−1 and 0.1 mg L−1) were studied. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was used for evaluation of the initial and electrolyzed solutions. The identification of CPF transformation products was performed by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOFMS). Results showed that CPF is completely removed at the end of treatment time. Analysis by LC-TOFMS allowed the identification of six degradation products (with Mw 154, 170, 197, 305 321 and 333). Three of the identified intermediates (Mw 170, 305 and 321) were completely removed at the end of electrolysis time. Interestingly, the formation of diethyl 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2yl phosphate (chlorpyrifos oxon) and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol was also found in previous reported degradation pathways using different degradation technologies. 相似文献
987.
Sewage sludge amendment on agricultural soils has recently become a practice of heightened interest, as a consequence of sewage sludge production increase. This practice has benefits to soil and crops, however it may also lead to environmental contamination, depending on the characteristics of the fields. In order to define the suitability of the different agricultural fields to receive sewage sludge, a spatial tool is proposed. This tool, elaborated in GIS platform, aggregates different criteria regarding human exposure and environmental contamination.The spatial tool was applied to a case study in the region of Catalonia (NE of Spain). Within the case study, each step of the tool development is detailed. The results show that the studied region has different suitability degrees, being the appropriate areas sufficient for receiving the total amount of sewage sludge produced. The sensitivity analysis showed that “groundwater contamination”, “distance to urban areas”, “metals concentration in soil” and “crop type” are the most important criteria of the evaluation.The developed tool successfully tackled the problem, providing a comprehensive procedure to evaluate agricultural land suitability to receive sewage sludge as an organic fertilizer. Also, the tool implementation gives insights to decision makers, guiding them to more confident decisions, based on an extensive group of criteria. 相似文献
988.
In early 2009, few would have expected that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) would come under such massive attack. The IPCC had enjoyed a pristine reputation and had even advanced to become a
role model for biodiversity and food security assessments (Loreau et al. 2006; Watson 2005). However, public trust and, with it, the organization’s credibility eroded dramatically after November 2009 with the events
that became known as ‘climategate’. This article seeks to contribute to current debates about how to reform the IPCC. It argues
that there are major flaws in the design of the IPCC which are rooted in the linear model of expertise and which are helping
to stoke the backlash against the IPCC. The article analyzes the ways in which the IPCC’s activities conform to the linear
model of expertise and considers the consequences of this for integrating adaptation into the IPCC assessments. It explains
why adaptation played only a marginal role up until the IPCC Third Assessment Report. It then demonstrates why the use of
the linear model of expertise constrains the scientific and political debate about adaptation and leads to proxy debates about scientific evidence, which result in depoliticizing the politics of adaptation and
politicizing science. Finally, the article calls for the debate to be opened up to accommodate alternatives that are both politically more feasible
and at the same time more appropriate to the specific needs of adaptation policies at different levels of decision-making. 相似文献
989.
Ali?Mohammed?OumerEmail author Andreas?de Neergaard 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(3):547-564
The aim of this paper is to disclose livelihood strategy-poverty links and gain a better understanding by developing typologies
of rural households. Based on qualitative and quantitative data, we group households into different typologies and explore
interactions. We identified six main agronomic strategies, four dominant livelihood diversification strategies, and income
quartiles (proxies for poverty) using cluster and principal component factor analysis. We found that nearly 82% of the surveyed
farmers in the study area belong to the bottom income quartiles while about 18% are on the upper quartiles. Households in
the bottom income quartiles engaged in casual off-farm work and cereal-dominated livelihood strategies that tend to pursue
subsistence farming by growing cereals and oil crops. Contrarily, farmers in the upper income quartiles adapted intensive
agronomic strategies by integrating root crops, legumes, and vegetables with livestock. This was largely attributed to access
to key livelihood assets such as land, livestock, education, and institutional support in which the upper quartiles were more
endowed. Improving availability of the key assets for the bottom income quartiles might be a way out of poverty and ensuring
sustainable development. It is crucial to recognize local-level heterogeneities of rural households when targeting development
interventions. 相似文献
990.
Lesschen JP Velthof GL de Vries W Kros J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3215-3222
Nitrous oxide (N2O) direct soil emissions from agriculture are often estimated using the default IPCC emission factor (EF) of 1%. However, a large variation in EFs exists due to differences in environment, crops and management. We developed an approach to determine N2O EFs that depend on N-input sources and environmental factors. The starting point of the method was a monitoring study in which an EF of 1% was found. The conditions of this experiment were set as the reference from which the effects of 16 sources of N input, three soil types, two land-use types and annual precipitation on the N2O EF were estimated. The derived EF inference scheme performed on average better than the default IPCC EF. The use of differentiated EFs, including different regional conditions, allows accounting for the effects of more mitigation measures and offers European countries a possibility to use a Tier 2 approach. 相似文献