咸宁市大气臭氧敏感性和污染来源解析

为掌握咸宁市臭氧（O₃）污染状况,基于统计分析方法研究咸宁市2018年O₃地面观测数据,发现该年3~10月均有O₃浓度超标日发生,其中6、8、9、10月有浓度较高且持续时间较长的严重污染,高浓度时段集中于4~7月的每日12：00~20：00,浓度峰值出现时间约为16：00前后.使用OBM模型模拟,借助EKMA曲线、RIR分析等识别O₃敏感性,发现咸宁属于VOCs控制区,O₃生成对人为源VOCs中的二甲苯类芳香烃和烯烃类较敏感,这两类物种浓度均削减10%后分别得到RIR值为0.271和0.238.开展离线VOCs监测,经PMF方法解析得到5类源,其中工业排放为O₃污染主要贡献源,二甲苯类芳香烃绝大部分来自溶剂使用,烯烃类主要来自燃烧源.当O₃超标时,相比于非超标日,植物源、溶剂使用和燃烧源的贡献率均有增加,其中植物源的贡献增量较大,而机动车尾气和工业排放的贡献率却有一定程度的降低.     

近30年来高邮湖(含邵伯湖)自然水域面积变化及其影响因素

湖泊水域面积变化特征反映气候与人类活动对湖泊生态系统结构与功能的影响,对湖泊健康评价与水生态修复有重要指导价值.以1988-2015年8期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,综合运用目视解译法与比值阈值法提取了研究区高邮湖（含邵伯湖）及其围网养殖区的边界信息,分析了研究区水域面积变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:①1988-2015年研究区自然水域面积呈现前期持续缩小、近期部分恢复的阶段性变化趋势.其中,1988-2000年自然水域面积缓慢缩减,平均减小速率为4.08 km2/a;2000-2011年迅速缩减,平均减小速率为12 km2/a;2011-2015年迅速增长,自然水域面积增加108 km2;1988年自然水域面积最大（716 km2）,2011年最小（535 km2）,2015年部分恢复（643 km2）.②1988-2015年流域内年均降水量先减后增,年均气温逐渐升高.年均气温升高与自然水域面积变化具有相关性（R2=0.472）;年均降水量则与自然水域面积变化无明显关联（R2=0.118）.③1988年和1992年研究区内未见明显的围网养殖,2000年围网养殖区面积仅为45 km2,2011年最大,达199 km2.2000-2009年和2009-2015年围网养殖区面积平均增长速率分别为15.56和9.00 km2/a;北部湖区围网养殖集中,自然水域面积变化最为显著,东西湖区次之.研究显示,1988年以来,年均气温和围网养殖对高邮湖自然水域产生了显著影响,湖区北部湿地侵占严重,湿地生态屏障功能下降.      

快速溶剂萃取、色质联机法及气相色谱法测定土壤中多氯联苯

尝试性地建立了快速溶剂萃取、气相色谱、气质联用仪测定土壤中具有代表性的7种多氯联苯单体的测定法。方法定量线性良好、灵敏度高,回收率在75％～110％之间,相对标准偏差小于15％。用于环境实样的分析,结果满意。     

Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), and investigate the correlation between maturity and WEOM characteristics. WEOM was extracted at different stages of MSW composting (0, 7, 14, 21, and 51 d) and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the composting process decreased aliphatics, alcohols, polysaccharides, as well as protein-like materials, and increased aromatic polycondensation, humification, oxygen-containing functional groups, molecular weight, and humic-like materials. The maturity of MSW during composting was characterized by the presence of the peak with an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 289/421 nm in excitation-emission matrix spectra.     

Understanding building-occupant-microbiome interactions toward healthy built environments: A review

• The built environment, occupants, and microbiomes constitute an integrated ecosystem. • This review summarizes research progress which has focused primarily on microbiomes. • Critical research needs include studying impacts of occupant behaviors on microbiomes. Built environments, occupants, and microbiomes constitute a system of ecosystems with extensive interactions that impact one another. Understanding the interactions between these systems is essential to develop strategies for effective management of the built environment and its inhabitants to enhance public health and well-being. Numerous studies have been conducted to characterize the microbiomes of the built environment. This review summarizes current progress in understanding the interactions between attributes of built environments and occupant behaviors that shape the structure and dynamics of indoor microbial communities. In addition, this review also discusses the challenges and future research needs in the field of microbiomes of the built environment that necessitate research beyond the basic characterization of microbiomes in order to gain an understanding of the causal mechanisms between the built environment, occupants, and microbiomes, which will provide a knowledge base for the development of transformative intervention strategies toward healthy built environments. The pressing need to control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments highlights the urgency and significance of understanding the complex interactions between the built environment, occupants, and microbiomes, which is the focus of this review.     

气体中雾状物质的采样效率探讨

发生增塑剂 DEP雾 ,粒径主要分布在 0 .48～ 3 .4μm。使用不同容积、不同类型的吸收瓶 (管 )在不同的采样条件下进行 DEP雾样品采集 ,将采样效率和采样过程发生的现象进行比较 ,选择出合适的采样方法和采样条件     

重庆主城大气降尘中重金属污染特征及评价

为了解重庆主城大气降尘中重金属的污染特征及风险,于2017年12月至2018年11月,逐月监测了郊区、文教区和居住区等6个功能区的大气降尘,用AAS分析了其中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb的含量,并结合潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中的重金属污染进行了评价.结果表明,大气降尘中Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb含量(mg·kg^-1)和沉降通量[mg·(m²·a)^-1]分别为1.59和0.39、72.68和8.04、20.99和2.41、101.17和10.41,各功能区大气降尘秋季重金属含量显著高于其他3个季节,而各功能区的大气这4种重金属降尘通量总体表现为冬季显著低于其他3个季节.潜在生态危害指数和地累积指数显示,Cd有极高的生态危害和较高的污染,Cr、Ni和Pb造成的生态危害低,且污染也较低,工业居住混合区和交通枢纽具有高生态危害及较高的污染,郊区的生态危害和污染都相对较低.     

Floating aquatic macrophytes for the treatment of aquaculture effluents

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Aquaculture is an activity with economic and social importance since it generates food, employment, and income. However, like other human activities,...     

上行过鱼设施过鱼效果监测研究进展

过鱼设施过鱼效果监测评估可为设计的优化、功能完善及运行管理提供参考依据。通过文献调研、区域性资料收集等方式对国内外上行过鱼设施监测研究与评价状况进行全面的梳理，总结了当前监测研究的技术指标、方法及发展状况。欧美国家在1960s至1980s启动了上行过鱼效果的系统监测评价工作。围绕鱼道有效性和过鱼效率两个指标，采用直接法和间接法进行相关监测研究。指标与方法因河流纬度、鱼类区系、设施类型以及国家（区域性）法律法规等方面的差异，呈现区域性特征和属地化发展。国内过鱼效果监测研究目前处于起步阶段，随着国内大批过鱼设施建设的完成，过鱼效果将成为关注的重点。国外成果可为国内的相关工作提供参考和借鉴，但需根据国内外河流鱼类区系，设施运行条件、工作积累等多方面的差异，制定适宜的监测评价目标与方案。     

Trends in the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers in São Paulo State,Brazil: A time-series cross sectional roadside survey (2009–2016)

Objective: Truck drivers represent a group that is susceptible to the use of stimulant substances to reduce the symptoms of fatigue, which may be caused by a stressful and exhausting work environment. The use of psychoactive substances may increase the risk for involvement in road traffic crashes. Previous studies have demonstrated that amphetamine, cocaine, and cannabis are the 3 main drugs used by Brazilian truck drivers. We studied the prevalence of amphetamine, benzoylecgonine (indicating use of cocaine), and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH; indicating use of cannabis) in urine samples from truck drivers in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using the same methodology during 8 years (2009–2016).

Methods: Samples were collected during a health program supported by the Federal Highway Police. Toxicological analyses were performed using immunoassays and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results: The total prevalence of illicit drugs was 7.8%. Benzoylecgonine was the most prevalent substance (3.6%), followed by amphetamine (3.4%) and THC-COOH (1.6%). We found the highest drug prevalence in 2010 (11.3%) and the lowest in 2011 (6.1%). We could detect a slight change in the pattern of stimulant use: until 2010, amphetamine was the most prevalent substance; however, in 2011 benzoylecgonine became the most frequently detected substance. This lasted until 2015, probably due to changes in Brazilian legislation regarding appetite suppressants; the most common one is metabolized to amphetamine.

Conclusion: These data show that the use of psychoactive substances by truck drivers in Brazil did not decrease during the study period. This reinforces the need for further preventive measures to reduce drug use among drivers, which could lead to a decrease in traffic crashes in Brazil.