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121.
Masakazu Hori Takao Suzuki Yaowaluk Monthum Tippamas Srisombat Yoshiyuki Tanaka Masahiro Nakaoka Hiroshi Mukai 《Marine Biology》2009,156(7):1447-1458
Seagrass species function as typical foundation species that unifies most ecosystem processes. This ecosystem role depends
largely on the morphological characteristics and structural complexity of seagrass beds, including their ecological importance
for fish species. This study examined relationships between seagrass bed characteristics and associated fish communities in
mixed seagrass beds. Correspondence analysis (CA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCoA) were performed to estimate relationships
for individual seagrass bed characteristics. The CCoA results revealed that species richness and three-dimensional structure
of seagrass had great effect on the biomass and richness of the associated fish community. The CA results revealed that the
relative importance of seagrass bed characteristics differed among fish functional groups including fishes appearing on the
surface of, inside, and on the bottom of seagrass beds. The fishes found on the surface of the beds preferred beds with low
seagrass biomass and high three-dimensional structure, those inside the beds preferred beds with high seagrass biomass and
high three-dimensional structure, and those on the bottom of the beds preferred locations with low seagrass biomass and low
three-dimensional structure. The results of this study provide compelling evidence that seagrass beds with high species diversity
and high three-dimensional structure, but intermediate biomass, may provide the great benefit to the associated fish community.
Such niche complementarity among fishes may be a process facilitated by seagrass diversity for secondary production as an
ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
122.
A spot test for aqueous nitrate and nitrite for controlling nitrogen removal performance in small-scale wastewater treatment facilities is proposed. In this method, NO(2)(-) ion in water samples was allowed to react with sulfanilic acid and 1-naphthol to form an anionic azo dye. The resulting colored solution was introduced onto a mini column (similar to a gas detecting tube) packed with PVC particles coated with benzyl cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (BCDMA) and biphenyl. The NO(2)(-)-N concentration was determined visually by measuring the color band length (CBL) in the column. The CBL correlates linearly with nitrite concentration in the 4-20 mg-N l(-1) range. The concentration of nitrite+nitrate was determined after reduction to nitrite with zinc. The concentration of NO(3)(-)-N species was calculated by difference. This method was used to visually determine the concentrations of NO(2)(-)-N and (NO(2)(-)+NO(3)(-))-N in domestic wastewater samples with maximum suspended solid (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 114 mg l(-1) and 73.9 mg l(-1), respectively. 相似文献
123.
Fate of metals contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment in a municipal waste treatment process 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In Japan, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) that is not covered by the recycling laws are treated as municipal solid waste. A part of common metals are recovered during the treatment; however, other metals are rarely recovered and their destinations are not clear. This study investigated the distribution ratios and substance flows of 55 metals contained in WEEE during municipal waste treatment using shredding and separation techniques at a Japanese municipal waste treatment plant. The results revealed that more than half of Cu and most of Al contained in WEEE end up in landfills or dissipate under the current municipal waste treatment system. Among the other metals contained in WEEE, at least 70% of the mass was distributed to the small-grain fraction through the shredding and separation and is to be landfilled. Most kinds of metals were concentrated several fold in the small-grain fraction through the process and therefore the small-grain fraction may be a next target for recovery of metals in terms of both metal content and amount. Separate collection and pre-sorting of small digital products can work as effective way for reducing precious metals and less common metals to be landfilled to some extent; however, much of the total masses of those metals would still end up in landfills and it is also important to consider how to recover and utilize metals contained in other WEEE such as audio/video equipment. 相似文献
124.
Substance flow analysis of brominated flame retardants and related compounds in waste TV sets in Japan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We conducted time-series substance flow analysis of two types of brominated flame retardants (BFRs)--polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)--and two types of related compounds--Sb (used with BFRs for flame inhibition) and polybrominated dibenzo dioxins and furans (PBDDs/DFs: unintended byproducts)--in five size categories of waste TV sets in Japan. Two scenarios were created with BFR substitutions and compared to a "business as usual" scenario in order to obtain basic information for strategic product management. The results showed that the use of DecaBDE in rear and front covers of TV sets began in fiscal 1987-1990 and 1993-1996, respectively, and that TBBPA was used to some extent as a substitute for DecaBDE in the 90s. The amount of waste Br in the plastic covers is predicted to increase until at least fiscal 2020 due to the increasing size of TV sets. Although substitution of BFRs with non-BFRs in Japan by 2006 will reduce waste Br, the amount in waste TV sets will not peak until fiscal 2009. The results will help inform decisions in Japan regarding the recovery and disposal of waste TV sets. The methods used would benefit waste managers faced with similar issues in other countries. 相似文献
125.
This study focuses on evaluation and quantification of factors affecting leachability of lead from bottom ashes of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) by utilizing a database. The database, which was constructed with data collected from sources such as research papers, questionnaires and reports, consists of 1149 data sets on 508 MSWI plants. Factors chosen as affecting lead leachability included: pH in the leachate, loss on ignition of bottom ash, total content of lead, and content of main elements such as Fe, Mn, Si and Al. The lead leachability was reduced to a minimum at neutral pH, increased with increasing pH and, especially, showed an abrupt increase at pH levels above 12. The main factor controlling the pH of the leachate appeared to be leachable Ca(2+) originating from portlandite (Ca(OH)(2)). Leaching concentration increased with increasing total contents of lead, and the relationship between leaching of lead and loss on ignition showed no distinct tendencies. The lead leaching ratio increased with decreasing total contents of Si, Mn and Fe. It is evident, therefore, that these numerous factors determine the leachability of lead in a simultaneous and complex manner. 相似文献
126.
Ryo Moriyama Masahiro Sugiyama Atsushi Kurosawa Kooiti Masuda Kazuhiro Tsuzuki Yuki Ishimoto 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(8):1207-1228
Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been receiving increasing attention as a possible option for climate engineering. Its direct cost is perceived to be low, which has implications for international governance of this emerging technology. Here, we critically synthesize previous estimates of the underlying parameters and examine the total costs of SAI. It is evident that there have been inconsistencies in some assumptions and the application of overly optimistic parameter values in previous studies, which have led to an overall underestimation of the cost of aircraft-based SAI with sulfate aerosols. The annual cost of SAI to achieve cooling of 2 W/m2 could reach US$10 billion with newly designed aircraft, which contrasts with the oft-quoted estimate of “a few billion dollars.” If existing aircraft were used, the cost would be expected to increase further. An SAI operation would be a large-scale engineering undertaking, possibly requiring a fleet of approximately 1,000 aircraft, because of the required high altitude of the injection. Therefore, because of its significance, a more thorough investigation of the engineering aspects of SAI and the associated uncertainties is warranted. 相似文献
127.
Takaaki Tanak Toshiyuki Tamur Yuuichi Ishizaki Akito Kawasaki Tomokazu Kawase Masahiro Teraguchi Masayuki Taniguchi 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2009,21(6):731-735
Natural and synthetic estrogens from sewage treatment systems are suspected to influence the reproductive health of the animals in the rivers.In this article we investigated the enzymatic treatment of three estrogens (estrone,17β-estradiol,and 17α-ethynyletstradiol) by a fungal laccase which oxidize phenolic compounds with dissolved oxygen.The elimination of the estrogenic activities by enzymatic oxidation was demonstrated by medaka vitellogenin assay.In addition,we developed an enzymatic treatment system comprised of β-D-glucuronidase and the laccase for 17β-estradiol 3-(β-D-glucuronide) degradation.The two enzymes eliminated 17β-estradiol 3-(β-D-glucuronide) and the intermediate,17β-estradiol,efficiently. 相似文献
128.
A composting toilet using sawdust as a matrix has the potential to trap pathogens that might occasionally be contained in human
feces. Therefore, care should be taken when handling the sawdust. It should also be noted that pathogenic viruses tend to have stronger
tolerance than pathogenic bacteria. The fates of several species of coliphages, T4, , Q and MS2, in sawdust were investigated as
a viral model. The fates of coliphages were significantly different among them, and they changed in response to temperature and the
water content of the sawdust. As the results, T4 coliphage had the strongest tolerance and Q had the weakest one in sawdust. It was
estimated the days required to decrease virus to a safe level based on a risk assessment. According to the rates of Q and T4, 15 days
and 167 days were required respectively for a safe level of infection risk based on actually operated composting toilet condition. Thus,
it was significantly different depending on the species and sawdust conditions. 相似文献