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81.
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83.
Max Planck 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1938,26(48):777-779
84.
Retreat and advance of shoreline position occurs naturally, and also as a result of defences which are constructed to prevent
erosion and flooding. Retreat more commonly manifests itself down-drift of defences due to a sediment deficit causing the
coast to become ‘set-back’. Advance normally develops due to sediment accumulation up-drift of a barrier inhibiting longshore
drift, resulting in the coast becoming ‘set-forward’. Many examples of set-backs and set-forwards are recorded, but their
location, number and cause is not known on a national scale. Using the Futurecoast aerial photographs, approximately 200 localities
were identified as set-back or set-forward in England and Wales, with half situated in the Eastern and South East regions
of England. Half of the total set-backs or set-forwards were on cliffed coasts, and half on low-lying coasts. Without local
knowledge it is difficult to distinguish between set-backs and set-forwards. Set-backs often indicate higher retreat rates,
thus threatening cliff-top infrastructure which requires defence upgrade and extensions, as well as raising maintenance costs.
Monitoring set-backs is important for shoreline management, because as retreat continues, set-backs evolve and artificial
headlands form and grow. This is reinforced by the shift from hard defence policies towards softer engineering approaches,
managed realignment and limited intervention. 相似文献
85.
Markus Stumm Michael Entezami Karsten Haug Cornelia Blank Max Wüstemann Bernt Schulze Gisela Raabe-Meyer Maja Hempel Markus Schelling Eva Ostermayer Sabine Langer-Freitag Tilo Burkhardt Roland Zimmermann Tina Schleicher Bernd Weil Ulrike Schöck Patricia Smerdka Sebastian Grömminger Yadhu Kumar Wera Hofmann 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(2):185-191
86.
Flanagan JB Jayanty RK Rickman EE Peterson MR 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(4):492-499
The objectives of this paper are to contrast the relative variability of replicate laboratory measurements of selected chemical components of fine particulate matter (PM) with total variability from collocated measurements and to compare the magnitudes of the uncertainties determined from collocated sampler data with those currently being provided to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Air Quality System (AQS) database by RTI International (RTI). Pointwise uncertainty values are needed for modeling and data analysis and should include all the random errors affecting each data point. Total uncertainty can be decomposed into two primary components: analytical measurement uncertainty and sampling uncertainty. Analytical measurement uncertainties are relatively easy to calculate from routine quality control (QC) data. Sampling uncertainties, on the other hand, are comparatively difficult to measure. In this paper, the authors describe data from collocated samplers to provide a snapshot of whole-system uncertainty for several important chemical species. The components of uncertainty were evaluated for key species from each of the analytical methods employed by the PM2.5 Speciation Trends Network (STN) program: gravimetry, ion chromatography (IC), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and thermal-optical analysis for organic carbon and elemental carbon. The results show that the laboratory measurement uncertainties are typically very small compared with uncertainties calculated from the differences between samples collected from collocated samplers. These differences are attributable to the "field" components uncertainty, which may include contamination and/or losses during shipping, handling, and sampling, as well as other distortions of the concentration level due to flow and sample volume variations. Uncertainties calculated from the collocation results were found to be generally similar to the uncertainties currently being loaded into EPA's AQS system, with some exceptions described below. 相似文献
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Sandip Giri Tim M. Daw Sugata Hazra Max Troell Sourav Samanta Oindrila Basu Charlotte L. J. Marcinko Abhra Chanda 《Ambio》2022,51(9):1963
Expansion of aquaculture in the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (SBR) is irreversibly replacing agricultural land and the drivers of this change are disputed. Based on in-depth interviews with 67 aquaculture farmers, this paper characterizes major aquaculture types in the SBR, their impacts, and identifies drivers of conversion from agricultural land. Aquaculture types included traditional, improved-traditional, modified-extensive, and semi-intensive systems. Extensive capture of wild shrimp larvae is environmentally harmful but constitutes an important livelihood. Semi-intensive aquaculture of exotic shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has much higher unit-area profitability than other types but involves greater financial risk. Profitability is the main driver for the transition from agriculture, but environmental factors such as lowered crop yields and cyclone impacts also contributed. Many conversions from agriculture to aquaculture are illegal according to the stakeholders. Existing legislation, if enforced, could halt the loss of agriculture, while the promotion of improved-traditional aquaculture could reduce the demand for wild seed. 相似文献
90.
Whitlow TH Hall A Zhang KM Anguita J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(8-9):2016-2027
We monitored curbside airborne particulate matter (PM) concentrations and its proinflammatory capacity during 3 weekends when vehicle traffic was excluded from Park. Ave., New York City. Fine PM concentration peaked in the morning regardless of traffic while ultrafine PM was 58% lower during mornings without traffic. Ultrafine PM concentration varied linearly with traffic flow, while fine PM spiked sharply in response to random traffic events that were weakly correlated with the traffic signal cycle. Ultrafine PM concentrations decayed exponentially with distance from a cross street with unrestricted traffic flow, reaching background levels within 100 m of the source. IL-6 induction was typically highest on Friday afternoons but showed no clear relationship to the presence of traffic. The coarse fraction (>2.5 μm) had the greatest intrinsic inflammatory capacity, suggesting that coarse PM still warrants attention even as the research focus is shifting to nano-particles. 相似文献