Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

Effects of surfactants on the combined toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles and cadmium to Escherichia coli

The combined ecological toxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂) and heavy metals has been paid more attention. As the common pollutants in water environment, surfactants could affect the properties of nanoparticles and heavy metals, and thus further influence the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and heavy metals. In this study, the effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and Tween 80 on the single and combined toxicities of Cd^2 + and nano-TiO₂ to Escherichia coli (E. coli) were examined, and the underlying influence mechanism was further discussed. The results showed both SDBS and Tween 80 enhanced the toxicity of Cd^2 + to E. coli in varying degrees. The reaction of SDBS and Cd^2 + could increase the outer membrane permeability and the bioavailability of Cd, while Tween 80 itself could enhance the outer membrane permeability. The combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + to E. coli in absence of surfactant was antagonistic because of the adsorption of Cd^2 + to nano-TiO₂ particles. However, in the presence of SDBS, both SDBS and nano-TiO₂ influenced the toxicity of Cd^2 +, and also SDBS could adsorb to nano-TiO₂ by binding to Cd^2 +. The combined toxicity was reduced at Cd^2 + lower than 4 mg/L and enhanced at Cd^2 + higher than 4 mg/L under multiple interactions. Tween 80 enhanced the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + by increasing the outer membrane permeability. Our study firstly elucidated the effects of surfactants on the combined toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and Cd^2 + to bacteria, and the underlying influencing mechanism was proposed.     

纱帽山不同海拔大气氮湿沉降通量差异及递变规律的数学模拟

通过对毕节市七星关区城郊纱帽山不同海拔大气沉降进行采样,检测了湿沉降中的水溶性总氮、铵态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮等指标.结果表明：①采样点位总氮湿沉降通量随海拔升高呈明显下降趋势,海拔每升高1 km年均垂直递减梯度为5.43 kg·hm^-2·a^-1.冬季山顶通量占最低海拔样点通量均值的29.23%,而夏季为87.80%.这是由季节性降水差异所导致的,夏季雨水冲并作用使得大气气溶胶浓度为全年最低（冬季最高）,因此,在有限海拔高度内垂直梯度在夏季最小而冬季最大.②各路径不同程度地出现了沉降峰值带（步梯路除外）,这与下垫面污染气体的垂直扩散有关.以车辆尾气为污染源,借助高斯模式推导其最大浓度出现的高度为56.11 m,而实测峰值带为理论计算高度的2~3倍,这与污染物扩散条件复杂及经验公式的非普适性有关.③铵态氮和硝态氮为无机氮的主要形式,亚硝态氮仅占9.04%,且冬季沉降量最大,这与氨氧化细菌在应对低温等不利环境方面有更强的适应性有关.④借助指数模型模拟了氮的湿沉降通量随海拔高度的递变规律,拟合公式为M=15.2534k·exp（-0.00079602x）,随机检验拟合程度较高,具有实际应用价值和推广前景.     

树脂吸附-耐盐菌生化组合工艺处理含酚、高含盐农药废水

结合工程实例,介绍了大孔树脂吸附预处理及耐盐菌水解酸化-接触氧化工艺在处理含酚、高含盐农药废水处理工程中的实际应用。运行结果表明,该工艺可回收废水中大部分酚类,能够耐受较高的含盐量,运行稳定,处理效果好,各项出水指标均能达GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级排放标准。     

广州市2020年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

利用2020年春节期间(1月21～28日)广州市21个空气质量监测站气象和空气污染物数据及其中4个监测点位的单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(single particle aerosol mass spectrometer,SPAMS)数据,研究烟花爆竹燃放对广州市及11个行政区空气质量的影响,并基于SPAMS 建立了烟花爆竹快速...     

广州城区黑碳气溶胶吸光增强特性研究

本研究运用最小相关系数法（MRS）,使用元素碳（EC）作为示踪物,得到一次排放的质量吸光效率（MAE_p）,结合黑碳仪（AE33）和有机碳/元素碳分析仪获得实测的质量吸光效率MAE_t,进而通过MAE_t/MAE_p的比值得出吸光增强系数（E_abs）.采样站点位于广州市城区暨南大学大气超级监测站,采样时间涵盖了干季（2019年1月26日~3月31日）和湿季（2018年5月1日~7月31日）.对广州市城区的黑碳气溶胶及其光学特征进行分析,EC在干季的平均浓度（1.93±1.38）μgC/m³高于湿季（1.46±0.75）μgC/m³,而E_abs520在干季的均值（1.26±0.34）低于湿季（1.63±0.55）.E_abs520在干湿季的日变化差异明显,但有机碳（OC）、EC、OC/EC、波长指数（AAE_470-660）均为干季高于湿季.分析发现气溶胶负载补偿参数k值与E_abs520在湿季呈现出较好的相关性,而在干季相关性较差,可能与生物质燃烧的影响有关;探讨了O₃、NO₂和SOC/OC对E_abs520的影响,在干季O₃与E_abs520的相关性较差（R²=0.21）,在湿季较好（R²=0.46）,SOC/OC却展现出了相反的关系,而NO₂在干季和湿季与E_abs520的相关性都较差（R²=0.01）,并发现温度对E_abs520存在一定的影响.通过后向轨迹聚类分析发现,长距离传输气团的的黑碳E_abs520值较高.     

水煤浆技术在呼和浩特市应用的可能性分析

本文介绍了水煤浆技术及其在环境治理中的应用前景和控制大气污染的作用 ,对水煤浆技术在呼和浩特市应用的可行性进行分析     

水泥工业大气污染物排放控制水平确立研究

国家修订发布了GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》,新建企业自2014年3月1日起实施,现有企业自2015年7月1日起实施.在修订过程中,如何确定可行的大气污染物排放控制水平,成为标准限值确定的关键.标准编制组系统调查分析了我国水泥工业污染排放现状、污染控制技术应用情况、环境管理需求、国外标准控制水平等,提出了可行的排放控制要求.新标准扩大了标准适用范围,增加了污染物控制项目,提高了颗粒物、NOx等指标的排放控制要求,同时增加了适用于重点地区的大气污染物特别排放限值.新标准的实施将成为水泥工业污染防治、总量减排、调整产业结构、优化布局的重要抓手,新标准将促进水泥工业生产工艺和污染治理技术的进步.     

垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物的pH缓冲能力

通过砂柱模拟实验研究含水层沉积物的pH缓冲能力及其在不同氧化还原带中的变化.结果表明,pH缓冲容量的本底值为324.93.pH-1mmol/kg,其中阳离子交换缓冲容量、碳酸钙缓冲容量、硅酸盐缓冲容量和次级缓冲容量的本底值分别为41.77.pH-1、86.53.pH-1、47.33.pH-1和149.31.pH-1mmol/kg.产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)中总的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值依次分别增加了12.4%、10.8%、19.8%和11.1%;各氧化还原带沉积物中的交换性阳离子(CEC)和交换性盐基离子(BEC)均小于本底值的11.59.pH-1和8.52.pH-1mmol/kg,各氧化还原带沉积物的盐基饱和度先升高后降低,都高于本底值的63.47%.因此,含水层沉积物有较强的pH缓冲能力.对垃圾渗滤液污染含水层不同氧化还原带沉积物pH缓冲能力的研究可为污染场地的修复提供理论依据.     

Comparison of manual and automated chambers for field measurements of N2O,CH4, CO2 fluxes from cultivated land

Chamber techniques can easily be applied to field trials with multiple small plots measuring carbon- and nitrogen-trace gas fluxes. Nevertheless, such chamber measurements are usually made weekly and rarely more frequently than once daily. However, automatic chambers do allow flux measurements on sub-daily time scales. It has been hypothesized that sub-daily measurements provide more reliable results, as diurnal variations are captured better compared to manual measurements. To test this hypothesis we compared automatic and manual measurements of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes from tilled and non-tilled plots of a rice–wheat rotation ecosystem over a non-waterlogged period. Our results suggest that both techniques, i.e., either manual or automatic chambers of N₂O and CO₂ emissions resulted in biased fluxes. The manual measurements were adequate to capture either day-to-day or seasonal dynamics of N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ exchanges, but overestimated the cumulative N₂O and CO₂ emissions by 18% and 31%, respectively. This was due to neglecting temperature-dependent diurnal variations of C and N trace gas fluxes. However, the automatic measurements underestimated the cumulative emissions of N₂O and CO₂ by 22% and 17%, respectively. This underestimation resulted from chamber effects upon soil moisture during rainfall processes. No significant difference was detected between the two methods in CH₄ exchanges over the non-waterlogged soils. The bias of manual chambers may be significant when pronounced diurnal variations occur. The bias of automatic measurements can only be avoided/minimized if chamber positions are frequently changed and/or if chambers are automatically opened during rainfall events. We therefore recommend using automatic chambers together with continuous measurements of soil chamber moisture to allow for soil moisture correction of fluxes or to correct flux estimates as derived by manual chambers for possible diurnal variations.