周年轮作休耕对土壤AMF群落和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究轮作休耕对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落组成及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和湿筛法分别测定AMF群落组成和团聚体,研究了苕子轮作玉米（V-C）、豌豆轮作玉米（P-C）、冬闲-玉米（F-C）和周年休耕（F-F）这4个处理下AMF群落组成及其与土壤养分和团聚体稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,F-F、V-C和P-C处理的>2 mm团聚体含量、R_0.25及MWD均显著高于F-C （P<0.05）,<0.25 mm团聚体含量均显著低于F-C （P<0.05）;F-F处理的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数较F-C分别显著提高29.56%、35.78%和45.55%;球囊霉属（Glomus）为各处理AMF群落的优势属,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）在各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2分别累计解释了AMF群落组成差异的29.99%和22.40%;相关性分析表明,盾巨孢囊霉属与碱解氮（AN）和有机质（SOM）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾（AK）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,球囊霉属与碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析表明,AMF多样性（Shannon指数）和盾巨孢囊霉属分别与>2 mm和2~1 mm团聚体含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.因此,周年休耕和苕子轮作玉米有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性和改变AMF群落组成,研究结果为我国南方周年轮作系统提高土壤质量和推行合理轮作休耕模式提供理论依据和参考.     

2015—2021年广州市臭氧和PM2.5复合污染特征及天气分型研究

利用广州市2015—2021年的地面观测资料和ERA5再分析数据集,统计了臭氧和PM_2.5的时间分布特征及两者同时出现高值(“双高”过程)的气象成因,并进一步用自组织神经网络(SOM)研究了高浓度臭氧和PM_2.5(浓度大于年第85分位数)对应的客观天气型.结果表明,2015—2021年,广州市臭氧浓度呈逐年上升趋势,而PM_2.5浓度则呈逐年下降趋势,臭氧逐渐取代PM_2.5成为首要污染物.“双高”日主要集中在春季和秋季,且秋季占比超过50%.当温度为20～30℃,湿度为30%～50%时,“双高”日出现的概率达到30%以上.基于天气分型方法,本研究发现在所有“双高”污染过程中,主要天气分型依次为：高压底后部型、变性高压脊型、副高+台风外围型、冷锋前部型;秋季发生“双高”污染时,天气分型依次为：副高+台风外围型和副高+弱冷高压脊型.     

Fish forewarning of comprehensive toxicity in water environment based on Bayesian sequential method

Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential, which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.     

Reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is an endocrine disruptor commonly found in plastic products that has been associated with reproduction alterations, but the effect of DEHP on toxicity is still widely unknown. Using DEHP concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/L, we showed that DEHP reduced the reproductive capacity of Caenorhabditis elegans after 72 hr. of exposure. DEHP exposure reduced the reproductive capacity in terms of decreased brood sizes, egg hatchability (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/L), and egg-laying rate (1 and 10 mg/L), and increased numbers of fertilized eggs in the uterus (1 and 10 mg/L). DEHP also caused damage to gonad development. DEHP decreased the total number of germline cells, and decreased the relative area of the gonad arm of all exposure groups, with worms in the 1 mg/L DEHP exposure group having the minimum gonad arm area. Additionally, DEHP caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in the expression of unc-86. Autophagy and ROS contributed to the enhancement of DEHP toxicity in reducing reproductive capacity, and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were activated as the antioxidant defense in this study. Hence, we found that DEHP has a dual effect on nematodes. Higher concentration (10 mg/L) DEHP can inhibit the expression of autophagy genes (atg-18, atg-7, bec-1, lgg-1 and unc-51), and lower concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/L) can promote the expression of autophagy genes. Our data highlight the potential environmental risk of DEHP in inducing reproductive toxicity toward the gonad development and reproductive capacity of environmental organisms.     

1961~2019年黄河流域大气自净能力指数变化特征分析

利用2015~2019年环境空气质量监测数据和黄河流域73个站点1961~2019年的气象观测资料,对11个站点的大气自净能力指数的适用性及其与环境空气质量之间的关联性进行了验证,并分析了黄河流域大气自净能力指数的时空变化特征及影响因子.结果表明,1961~2019年黄河流域大气自净能力指数整体呈下降趋势,下降速率为每10a下降0.18t/（d×km²）,平均值为4.44t/（d×km²）,且在1969年达到最大值,为5.32t/（d×km²）,2011年达到最小值,为3.81t/（d×km²）;黄河流域73个站点中有64个站点大气自净能力指数呈下降趋势,50个站点呈显著和极显著下降趋势.从年内变化看出,黄河流域大气自净能力指数最高值出现在4月,为5.30t/（d×km²）,最低值出现在1月,为3.48t/（d×km²）.在年空间分布上,黄河流域大气自净能力指数分布以青海西南部,山东、四川大部分地区,内蒙古、宁夏以及甘肃少部分地区,陕西西安,山西的五寨和右玉等大气自净能力较好,大气自净能力指数在4.69~7.18t/（d×km²）,其余地区大气自净能力相对较差.影响因子中,混合层高度与大气自净能力指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.63（n=4307）;小风日数与大气自净能力指数呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.78（n=4307）,日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数及日平均风速³5.5m/s的日数与大气自净能力指数均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.78和0.55（n=4307）;降水日数与大气自净能力指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.18（n=4307）,中雨及以上日数与大气自净能力指数呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.03（n=4307）,黄河流域小雨对大气自净能力的影响明显高于中雨.逐步回归分析显示,大气自净能力指数主要受日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数、降水日数和混合层高度的综合影响,其中,日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数对大气自净能力指数的贡献率最大,其贡献为正.     

New mechanism of FA in composted sludge inducing Cu fixation on Albite in open-pit mine soil

Fulvic acid (FA), typical organic matter derived from humification process in composted sludge, possesses the potential to remediate mine soils contaminated by heavy metals. To understand the cooper (Cu) immobilizing process in open-pit mine soil induced by FA, changes of Cu speciation in mixture of open-pit mine soil and composted sludge was tracked over 180 days. It was observed that the organic-bound and residual fraction of Cu increased dramatically with the corresponding decrease of Fe/Mn oxide-bound Cu in the first 60 days, then the organic-bound fraction decreased to about its initial proportion during 60-120 days, while residual fraction still increased, and the proportion of residual Cu accounted for over 85% and became stable after 120 days. To reveal the mechanism of FA inducing Cu fixation on Albite which is the main phase of soil primary ore, two groups of Cu adsorption experiments with and without FA were designed. With the addition of FA, the adsorption capacity of Cu by Albite increased by 1.55 times and the content of residual Cu in Albite increased by 7.7 times. It was found that the Cu absorbed in smaller Albite particle induced by FA formed a secondary mineral——Chrysocolla, causing increase of residual fraction of Cu. These results revealed the mechanism: FA was absorbed on the surface of Albite after complexing with Cu ions in the solution, and then it induced Cu into the interlayer and pore channels of Albite. The Cu in the Albite was immobilized by forming Chrysocolla finally.     

紫色土N2O排放及氨氧化微生物群落结构对玉米秸秆与化肥减量配施的响应

以紫色土为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,通过田间原位试验,设置了对照(CK)、常规施肥(F)、秸秆与全量化肥配施(100FS)、秸秆分别与化肥减量30%(70FS)、40%(60FS)、50%(50FS)处理,观测了玉米秸秆与化肥配施下的菜地土壤N2O排放动态变化特征,并利用克隆技术和实时荧光定量PCR技术,结合土壤理化性质和氨氧化微生物amoA功能基因丰度,分析了秸秆与化肥配施对土壤N2O排放及相关微生物的影响,以期为调控和减缓紫色土N2O排放提供理论依据.结果表明,玉米秸秆与化肥配施处理较F处理提高了土壤N2O排放量和试验期内的累积排放量,其中100FS处理的N2O排放量最高[57.59~6 238.02μg·(m2·h)-1],累积排放量高达60.76 kg·hm-2.与F处理相比,秸秆与化肥配施处理降低了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,提高了土壤有机质含量,但对土壤总氮和pH值没有显著的影响.本试验条件下,土壤AOB amoA基因拷贝数比AOA高出1~2个数量级,其中F处理的AOA amoA基因拷贝数(50.9×103copies·g~(-1))明显高于其他处理,但AOB amoA基因拷贝数最低(1.36×105copies·g~(-1)).100FS处理降低了AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性指数和均匀度,同时也显著降低了AOA amoA基因拷贝数,但秸秆与化肥减量配施可以提高AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性,同时显著增加了AOB amoA基因拷贝数.土壤AOA优势菌群OTU1可能是硝化作用的主要驱动者,直接和间接地影响N2O排放.通过冗余(RDA)分析,土壤铵态氮、有机质和有效磷含量对AOA群落结构存在显著影响(P0.05,蒙特卡罗算法);土壤可溶性有机氮、总氮、速效钾以及有效磷含量显著影响AOB群落结构(P0.05,蒙特卡罗算法),其中AOB对不同环境因子的耐受性和生态位低于AOA.总体上,玉米秸秆配施60%~70%的化肥,在保证蔬菜产量的前提下,有效提高了AOA和AOB amoA基因多样性,在一定程度上减缓了土壤N2O排放.     

鹤山气溶胶光学性质和单颗粒化学组分的研究

2014年10~11月在广东省鹤山大气超级站利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）、积分式浊度仪和黑碳仪在线观测了单颗粒气溶胶的化学组成与气溶胶光学特征.采用Art-2a分类法将单颗粒分为9类：有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（OC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（EC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（ECOC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、高分子有机碳颗粒（HOC）、海盐颗粒（Sea-salt）、硅酸盐颗粒（Si-rich）、左旋葡聚糖颗粒（Lev）、钾-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（K-Sulfate/Nitrate）、金属颗粒（Metal）.从清洁期到灰霾期气溶胶的吸收系数、散射系数和单次散射反照率（SSA）显著升高,气溶胶消光能力增强,同时EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒占比从34.8%降至31%,OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒从9.9%增加至23.6%,K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒从8.5%增加至14%,且灰霾期OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒与硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐的混合程度增强,因此老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和二次组分颗粒对气溶胶消光系数的增加有重要贡献.在大气相对湿度从50%增加到70%以上的过程中,气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数升高,消光系数由326.1Mm^-1增加到362.9Mm^-1,SSA有所下降,PM_2.5质量消光效率由4.98增加到5.99,EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒占比下降,而OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒的占比由7.79%增加到14.29%,且OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒中富含硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,表明高相对湿度下老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒数目增多对气溶胶消光系数的增强有重要影响.     

海岸线变迁及驱动因素进展研究

海岸线是陆地和海洋的分界线,是地球表层生态环境最敏感、响应全球变化最迅速的生态脆弱带,中国海岸线类型丰富,总长度达32 000多千米,因此,研究海岸线的变迁及其驱动因素具有重要的现实意义.文章首先总结了海岸线的定义及分类,探讨了海岸线定义不明确的问题;然后讨论了国内外利用遥感影像提取海岸线的方法及存在的问题,总结了海岸线的时空变迁及其驱动力研究进展状况,分析了国内外研究的差异;最后针对现有研究的不足,提出几点建议.     

河流渠化问题分析与对策研究

河流渠化是现代人类出于防洪排涝、污染治理和绿化美化等一己之目的对河流的改造活动.从生态系统的观点出发,对河流的纵向、横向、垂向与时序变化四个维度进行分析,提炼出中国北方健康中小河流的生态特征,分析了河流渠化造成的生态、经济和社会灾难,认识到生态灾难的根源在于人类中心主义的谬误.在此基础上,从生态修复的角度入手,提出遵循河流自身规律的河流渠化解决之道,在河流与人类和谐共处的前提下,改善其生态完整性和可持续性,建议开展广泛的接近自然的河流治理新模式.