春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对南宁市环境空气的影响分析

根据2011年春节期间南宁市主要污染物（PM10、SO2、NO2）浓度,分析了燃放烟花爆竹对环境空气的影响。结果表明：除夕和元宵节大量燃放烟花爆竹能导致PM10在短时间内快速上升,但对SO2和NO2浓度的影响不明显。除夕期间23：00-2：00是PM10受燃放烟花爆竹影响最大时段,城市居民居住集中区PM10浓度远高于其他区域。     

人工湿地处理葡北站生活污水的探索与应用

结合中国石油吐哈油田公司葡北站的实际情况及对该站生活污水水质进行分析,并对几种常用的污水生化处理工艺进行比较,确定选用三级潜流型人工湿地处理该站生活污水。文章介绍了三级潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的工艺特点、运行、维护及效果。经分析论证,利用人工湿地处理分散站的小排量生活污水,十分经济且有效,以较低的成本,实现了生活污水的优质处理,产生较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

四川省野生乌头资源调查研究

调查四川省野生乌头资源的分布、生态环境及蕴藏量,为四川省乌头种质资源的保护与持续利用提供科学依据.通过查阅文献和比对标本,对青川县、平武县、安县、布拖县、峨眉山市、马边县进行走访和样方调查.结果表明,四川地区野生乌头资源分布较广,北至青川县,南至布拖县,位于27°32'-32°31'N、102°17'-105°11'E,区域内低山至高山均有分布,且集中分布在海拔800-2800m的区域,但由于生态环境破坏严重,总蕴藏量仅为2975kg.建议采取措施保护野生乌头资源的生态环境,实现野生乌头资源的可持续开发利用.     

花生壳改性及其对Cu2+的吸附研究

研究了花生壳改性及改性花生壳对溶液中Cu2+的吸附特性及最佳吸附条件.结果表明,热水煮沸、乙醇加热回流可对花生壳有效脱色,脱色后对花生壳进行黄化处理使花生壳的表面及内部结构发生改变,有利于对Cu2+的吸附.以Cu2+初始质量浓度、pH值、时间、温度为影响因素,进行正交试验确定了改性花生壳对Cu2+最佳吸附条件:Cu2+初始质量浓度为20 μg/mL,pH=7,温度为25℃,时间为30min.Cu2+的吸附效率可达98%,吸附量约为2.7 mg/g.     

使用车载导航系统下驾驶员脑力负荷影响因素分析

基于试验数据,分析使用车载导航系统对驾驶员脑力负荷的影响,以及任务难度、时间压力、驾驶经验、性别差异等因素在该任务中的实际影响效果.通过编程模拟驾驶员使用车载导航系统进行驾驶的任务,采取主任务评价法作为脑力负荷的评价方法.选取偏离正确路线的次数、偏离的水平位移、到达预定目标所用时间、偏离方向的次数、根据导航系统提示完成相应动作的反应时间5个参数作为评价指标,选取40名大学生作为被试完成主任务(追踪)和辅任务(使用车载导航系统的脑力工作).对试验数据进行比较分析,结果表明,车载导航系统的使用在一定程度上加大了驾驶员的脑力负荷,并随驾驶难度的增加而加剧.任务难度、工作时间及驾驶经验等因素都对使用车载导航系统的驾驶员的脑力负荷产生影响,而性别差异的影响并不明显.     

大田软海绵酸对黑鲷胚胎发育及仔鱼的急性毒性

为了研究大田软海绵酸(okadaic acid,OA)对生物胚胎组织发育过程的毒性作用机制,采用静水和半静水实验法,用OA毒素与过滤海水按等对数间距分设5个浓度组,同时以过滤海水为对照组,对人工养殖的黑鲷鱼卵和仔鱼进行了毒性实验。实验结果表明:一定浓度的OA使鱼卵的死亡率和孵出仔鱼的畸形率升高,但对孵化率的影响较弱。OA对黑鲷仔鱼的24、48、72和96h的LC50分别为51.63、45.58、37.97和25.72nmol·L-1,仔鱼体内毒性蓄积程度也随时间逐渐减弱。OA毒素对仔鱼的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性均有诱导作用,与对ACP的影响相比,OA毒素对GSH-PX活性的诱导作用更为突出。此外,OA毒素还会对黑鲷仔鱼的肝脏细胞的核酸代谢及DNA合成有一定的影响,使得RNA和DNA的含量比值发生显著变化。     

Phytoplankton variation and its relationship with the environment in Xiangxi Bay in spring after damming of the Three-Gorges, China

Following the completion of the Three-Gorges Dam, there was a strong spring phytoplankton bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir. However, our knowledge of relationship between spring phytoplankton bloom and environmental factors was still limited. In this study, phytoplankton species composition, biomass, chlorophyll a concentration and environmental factors at two sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay were investigated during 25 March to 18 May 2007. The Xiangxi Bay was eutrophic with the lowest values of total nitrogen and total phosphorus being 0.80 and 0.07?mg/L, respectively. A total of 66 algal taxa belonging to seven phyla and 45 genera were identified. Peridiniopsis niei Liu was the most abundant species which preferred standing water. Canonical correspondence analysis and correlation analysis revealed that nitrate was significantly associated with phytoplankton growth. The phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration was correlated significantly negatively with nitrate concentration, and nitrate concentration was very low during bloom periods. Heavy rainfall was the main reason of phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentration and biomass decreasing and blooms disappearing. In addition, heavy rainfall also brought more nitrate into the Bay which provided sufficient nitrogen source for blooms occurring again.     

高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻的毒性效应

采用室内培养方法,通过检测纤细裸藻生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及DNA损伤(彗星实验)研究了高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)的毒性效应,以期为氨氮的水生态风险评价以及藻类污水净化提供科学依据.结果表明,氨氮在所设定的浓度范围内抑制藻类的生长,浓度越高,抑制越明显,2 000 mg·L-1时相比对照抑制率达55.7%;叶绿素含量随氨氮浓度增加先升高后下降,蛋白质含量与叶绿素变化趋势基本吻合;抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随氨氮浓度增加而上升,2 000 mg·L-1时比对照分别增加了30.7%和49.4%,提示氨氮胁迫可诱导抗氧化酶活性增加;彗星实验中,纤细裸藻细胞DNA损伤程度随氨氮浓度增加而加重,表明高浓度氨氮具有潜在的致突变性.     

锅炉改造项目环境影响评价实证分析

本文以锅炉“煤改气”项目为例,在项目施工期、运营期产生的环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施。为环保部门和企业管理提供理论依据,并为锅炉改造类项目污染预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动“煤改气”项目的可持续发展。     

Effects of film mulching on the distribution of phthalate esters in wheat grains from dryland

The application of plastic film in field crop production elevated the phthalate esters (PAEs) accumulation in wheat grains, which poses potential risks to human health. However, the variation of grain PAEs contents in different dryland areas is not clear, and the distribution of PAEs in different tissues of grains has not been studied yet. In the present study, field experiments in five sites (three provinces) with two treatments (soil with and without film mulching) were carried out to study the concentration and distribution of PAEs in grains and the effects of environmental factors on them. Results showed that the total PAE concentration (∑PAEs) in wheat grains ranged from 445 to 764 μg/kg, mainly in the forms of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP). Compared with control, total PAE concentrations in soils and wheat grains were significantly higher in treatments with film mulching. The effects of film on the proportion of PAEs in the flour and bran varied with experiment sites. Grain PAEs in the control groups presented significantly negative correlation with annual temperature, while there was a positive correlation between soil PAEs and bran PAEs in the film treatment. Results in this study are of great significance to comprehensively evaluate the effect of film mulching on grain safety in dryland wheat production.