Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994-2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058mg.kg-1, respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China （GB 18918-2002） by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.     

MESOSCALE VARIABILITY OF ORGANIC MATTER COMPOSITION IN NW ADRIATIC SEDIMENTS

We investigated the spatial variability of sediment organic matter content and composition in three areas (A, B and C) of the Northwestern Adriatic Sea, subjected to a putative gradient of trophic state ( i.e. , increasing distance from the Po river outflow) in order to determine the appropriate sample size and replication. The analysis of the mesoscale variability was carried out comparing variability on the scale of meters ( i.e. among different deployments) with the variability observed on a scale of several kilometres ( i.e. among different sampling areas). Sediment samples, collected on April 1999, October 1999, April and October 2000, were analysed for chloropigment content (chlorophyll-a and phaeopygments) and protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations. Chloropigment, protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations were high, indicating that this system shares trophic conditions typical of highly productive environments. All organic matter components displayed a distribution independent from the increasing distance from the Po river outflow and a clear spatial variability, characterised by significant differences among different areas, but not among deployments. Carbohydrates were the biochemical compound displaying the highest spatial variability among the three areas. Chloropigment, protein, carbohydrate and lipid concentrations displayed also significant temporal changes. When spatial and temporal variability were compared, chlorophyll-a, phaeopigment and protein concentrations displayed a higher temporal than spatial variability. Conversely, for carbohydrates and lipids spatial and temporal variability was of the same order of magnitude. Organic matter composition displayed limited changes among areas, but a strong temporal variability. The results from the Adriatic sea suggest that analyses from sediments collected from a single deployment are sufficient for assessing organic matter concentration and composition over areas of several hundreds of square meters. However, for estimating organic matter composition over larger spatial scales ( i.e. miles) the identification of different sampling areas is needed.     

TiO_2微球光催化降解腐植酸钠

以阳离子交换树脂为模板,采用溶胶-凝胶法以四氯化钛为原料制备TiO2微球,采用XRD,FTIR,SEM对样品进行了表征。微球中主要组分是锐钛矿型TiO2,同时掺杂有少量Na＋,SO24-等离子,比TiO2粉末具有更好的光催化性能,具备重复使用的能力,使用寿命较长,可作为一种有实用价值的光催化剂。在300 W高压汞灯下采用二氧化钛微球催化降解腐植酸钠,分析了催化剂投加量和反应时间对降解率的影响。腐植酸钠的光催化降解实验结果表明：初始浓度为10 mg/L的腐植酸钠在碱性条件,催化剂投加量为2.5 g/L,反应时间为3 h时最为适宜,最大降解率可达到96.51%。     

Comparison of different valent iron on anaerobic sludge digestion: Focusing on oxidation reduction potential,dissolved organic nitrogen and microbial community

• ORP value from −278.71 to −379.80 mV showed indiscernible effects on methane yield. • Fe(II) and Fe(III) promoted more degradation of proteins and amino acids than Fe⁰. • The highest enrichment of Geobacter was noted in samples added with Fe⁰. • Cysteine was accumulated during iron enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion. • Both iron content and valence were important for methane production. This study compared effects of three different valent iron (Fe⁰, Fe(II) and Fe(III)) on enhanced anaerobic sludge digestion, focusing on the changes of oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and microbial community. Under the same iron dose in range of 0−160 mg/L after an incubation period of 30 days (d), the maximum methane production rate of sludge samples dosed with respective Fe⁰, Fe(II) and Fe(III) at the same concentration showed indiscernible differences at each iron dose, regardless of the different iron valence. Moreover, their behavior in changes of ORP, DON and microbial community was different: (1) the addition of Fe⁰ made the ORP of sludge more negative, and the addition of Fe(II) and Fe(III) made the ORP of sludge less negative. However, whether being more or less negative, the changes of ORP may show unobservable effects on methane yield when it ranged from −278.71 to −379.80 mV; (2) the degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly proteins, was less efficient in sludge samples dosed with Fe⁰ compared with those dosed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) after an incubation period of 30 d. At the same dose of 160 mg/L iron, more cysteine was noted in sludge samples dosed with Fe(II) (30.74 mg/L) and Fe(III) (27.92 mg/L) compared with that dosed with Fe⁰ (21.75 mg/L); (3) Fe⁰ particularly promoted the enrichment of Geobacter, and it was 6 times higher than those in sludge samples dosed with Fe(II) and Fe(III) at the same dose of 160 mg/L iron.     

大兴安岭南部温带山杨天然次生林不同生长阶段生物量及碳储量

基于内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统定位研究站山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）天然次生林幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林及过熟林生物量调查,探讨了不同龄组山杨天然次生林单株木、林分、林下植被和枯落物的生物量及群落碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明：随林龄的增大,山杨天然次生林木和各器官生物量总体呈增加趋势,树干所占比例增加,中龄林增加尤为明显;林下植被层、枯落物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是：乔木层〉枯落物层〉林下植被层。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林群落的碳储量分别为27.146 6、53.545 1、60.889 8、77.915 8、79.135 3t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为22.206 5、47.215 7、52.056 3、68.445 3、68.773 1 t.hm-2,枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为5.814 4、2.172 7 t.hm-2。乔木层、枯落物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均率分别为86.05%、10.39%和3.57%。研究认为山杨天然次生林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大;中龄林为碳储量增长迅速期,且持续较长一段时间,是林分管理的关键阶段;自然稀疏有利于促进林木生长,林分碳储量并未随林分密度下降而减小。     

肉桂酸对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的抑制作用

采用不同浓度肉桂酸溶液处理铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜牛栅藻(Scenedesmus arcuatus),研究了其对这两种藻的抑制作用及其化感作用机制.结果显示,肉桂酸浓度达到0.6 mmol/L时,对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用(P＜0.05),而达到0.9 mmol/L时时斜生栅藻有明显抑制作用(P＜0.01).抑制作用表现为:藻细胞牛长量显著降低;藻体叶绿素a含量急剧下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈先升高后下降的趋势;O2-韵含量和膜脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)呈升高趋势,说明肉桂酸处理后可能是通过O2-的产生引起膜脂质过氧化增加,造成了藻细胞膜的损伤,继而影响到细胞的功能.本实验提示,肉桂酸的抑藻作用或许有望开发成新的生物杀藻剂.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用菌中镉和铅

采用塞曼效应背景校正、最大功率升温和峰面积积分,以钯和抗坏血酸为基体改进剂,用恒温平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定食用菌中镉和铅,检出限镉为5.0×10-13g,铅为4.0×10-12g,相对标准偏差在2.8%~7.1%之间,加标回收率镉为92.0%~104%,铅为89.3%~95.0%。     

空气环境质量评价分析的数学方法及应用

用空气污染指数法,进行空气质量评价;用主成分分析法进行污染因子分析;用秩相关系数检验法作污染趋势分析。并根据淮安市2004-2007年实测空气质量日报资料,说明上述方法的应用。     

氧化树脂的制备及其对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附研究

用H₂O₂或HNO₃氧化的方法制备了新型吸附树脂ZH-07和ZH-08,同时研究了它们对不同温度下水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的静态吸附和脱附特征,并对其吸附机理进行了探讨。结果表明,经氧化后的树脂ZH-07和ZH-08对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附过程存在化学吸附作用,可以提高它们对水溶液中2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附容量。     

The effect of sand fractional wettability on SDBS-enhanced PCE immiscible mobilization in porous media

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fractional wettability is common in the dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) contaminated sites. However, it is still unclear how fractional...