Enhanced disinfection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> and bacteriophage MS2 in water using a copper and silver loaded titanium dioxide nanowire membrane

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a widely used photocatalyst that has been demonstrated for microorganism disinfection in drinking water. In this study, a new material with a novel structure, silver and copper loaded TiO₂ nanowire membrane (Cu-Ag-TiO₂) was prepared and evaluated for its efficiency to inactivate E. coli and bacteriophage MS2. Enhanced photo-activated bactericidal and virucidal activities were obtained by the Cu-Ag-TiO₂ membrane than by the TiO₂, Ag-TiO₂ and Cu-TiO₂ membranes under both dark and UV light illumination. The better performance was attributed to the synergies of enhanced membrane photoactivity by loading silver and copper on the membrane and the synergistic effect between the free silver and copper ions in water. At the end of a 30 min test of deadend filtration under 254 nm UV irradiation, the Cu-Ag-TiO₂ membrane was able to obtain an E. coli removal of 7.68 log and bacteriophage MS2 removal of 4.02 log, which have met the US EPA standard. The free metal ions coming off the membrane have concentrations of less than 10 ppb in the water effluent, far below the US EPA maximum contaminant level for silver and copper ions in drinking water. Therefore, the photo-activated disinfection by the Cu-Ag-TiO₂ membrane is a viable technique for meeting drinking water treatment standards of microbiological water purifiers.

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Removal of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by sepiolite-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) synthesized using sepiolite as a supporter was used to investigate the removal kinetics and mechanisms of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). BDE-209 was rapidly removed by the prepared sepiolite-supported nZVI with a reaction rate that was 5 times greater than that of the conventionally prepared nZVI because of its high surface area and reactivity. The degradation of BDE-209 occurred in a stepwise debromination manner, which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The removal efficiency of BDE-209 increased with increasing dosage of sepiolite-supported nZVI particles and decreasing pH, and the efficiency decreased with increasing initial BDE-209 concentrations. The presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent at certain volume fractions in water influenced the degradation rate of sepiolite-supported nZVI. Debromination pathways of BDE-209 with sepiolite-supported nZVI were proposed based on the identified reaction intermediates, which ranged from nona- to mono-brominated diphenylethers (BDEs) under acidic conditions and nona- to penta-BDEs under alkaline conditions. Adsorption on sepiolite-supported nZVI particles also played a role in the removal of BDE-209. Our findings indicate that the particles have potential applications in removing environmental pollutants, such as halogenated organic contaminants.     

6种重金属的发光菌毒性效应及其海洋生物物种敏感度分析

以明亮发光杆菌(Photobacteriumphosphoreum)为受试生物,采用微孔板毒性测试法,测定6种重金属化合物的发光抑制毒性并对毒性数据进行非线性拟合和预测,结果表明ZnSO47H2O、K2Cr2O7、HgCl2、CdCl22.5H2O和Pb(NO3)25种重金属化合物的毒性作用关系均可以用Weibull模型有效描述,CuSO45H2O的毒性作用关系可用Logistic模型有效描述。几种重金属的毒性顺序为K2Cr2O7 CuSO45H2O CdCl2 Pb(NO3)2 ZnSO47H2O HgCl2。明亮发光杆菌对6种重金属离子的EC50值分布在由其它海洋生物毒性效应值拟合的物种敏感度分布模型范围内。与海洋鱼类、蚤类、贝类和虾蟹类相比,明亮发光杆菌对Cu2+的毒性灵敏度较差,但是对Cd2+、Pb2+、Hg2+、Zn2+、Cr6+5种重金属离子的毒性灵敏度较高,多数海洋生物对6种重金属的毒性响应顺序与明亮发光杆菌一致,说明发光菌毒性测试法对于海洋环境重金属污染的生态毒理效应具有重要预测价值。     

城镇化背景下海岛资源环境承载力评估

在建设海洋强国的关键时期,海岛的生态保护和开发利用均至关重要。城镇化对海岛生态系统带来了深刻的影响,开展海岛资源环境承载力评估对管控人类开发行为、维护海岛生态平衡具有重要意义。论文以我国北方典型海岛—庙岛群岛为研究区,构建了一套综合开发强度和生态状况的海岛资源环境承载力评估方法并开展评估,结果显示：1）群岛尺度上,海岛资源环境承载力处于临界超载状态;2）单岛尺度上,南长山岛处于轻度超载状态,北长山岛、庙岛和大钦岛处于临界超载状态,小黑山岛、大黑山岛、砣矶岛、小钦岛、南隍城岛和北隍城岛处于可载状态,不同海岛应实施不同的保护与利用模式;3）区块尺度上,海岛资源环境承载力表现出了明显的空间分异性特征,可载区占41.7%,临界超载区占30.0%,轻度、中度和重度超载区分别占15.9%、8.1%和4.3%,超载区主要分布在各岛的城镇建设区域。     

南京北郊冬季PM2.5中芳香酸的测定及来源解析

于2014年12月采集了南京北郊大气中PM_(2.5)样品,优化了LC-MS分析大气PM_(2.5)中芳香酸的定量方法,测定了其中的芳香酸、主要水溶性离子、有机碳和元素碳的浓度.定量结果表明,所测定5种芳香酸的总平均浓度为(50.01±16.05)ng·m~(-3),其中对苯二甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、偏苯三甲酸、4-甲基邻苯二甲酸与间苯二甲酸的平均浓度依次为(34.54±12.79)、(8.14±3.34)、(2.27±1.39)、(1.68±0.77)和(1.08±0.43)ng·m~(-3).应用主因子分析/绝对主因子得分(PCA/APCS)受体模型对颗粒物进行了来源解析.源解析结果表明,南京北郊冬季PM_(2.5)中的邻苯二甲酸、偏苯三甲酸、4-甲基邻苯二甲酸主要来自大气中二次转化;其中偏苯三甲酸有少部分来源于机动车尾气的一次排放;间苯二甲酸除来自于二次气溶胶源和生物质燃烧外,还有少部分来自机动车尾气的一次排放,而对苯二甲酸则主要来源于生物质燃烧和机动车尾气的一次排放.     

基于能源碳排放预测的中国东部地区达峰策略制定

中国东部的11个省市是中国经济最发达的地区,其碳排放量约占全国碳排放量的1/2.随着气候变化的加剧和国际社会的关注,中国政府制定了区域差异化的达峰目标,因此,预测该地区碳排放对于评估中国能否实现达峰目标具有重要意义.本文基于中国东部11省市1997-2017年的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型来预测不同情景下的碳排放趋势,并据此分析东部地区整体碳排放达峰的可能性.结果发现,有7个省市碳排放可能在2030年之前达峰,其中,北京、上海将最早出现碳排放峰值,达峰时间可能为2022年;然而,另外4个省市碳排放较难在2030年之前达峰.从东部地区整体来看,该地区碳排放达峰时间在2028-2033年,峰值为5018.03×10⁶~5497.20×10⁶ t.因此,东部地区整体碳排放可以在2030年左右达峰,为较好地实现中国整体碳排放达峰目标奠定了基础;此外,考虑到东部各省市的碳排放达峰情况存在差异,应根据各省市的实际情况制定差异化的达峰目标.     

厌氧膜生物反应器耦联部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化用于污水处理研究

本研究构建了厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）-部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化（PN/Anammox）污水处理工艺,以探究AnMBR-PN/A工艺处理效果最佳的水力停留时间（HRT）.AnMBR将厌氧生物处理与膜分离技术相结合实现有机物去除,AnMBR出水NH₄⁺-N通过PN部分转化为NO₂^--N,最终通过NO₂^--N氧化剩余NH₄⁺-N去除.实验结果表明：在HRT=11.2 h时,AnMBR-PN/A工艺化学需氧量（COD）去除率稳定在97%以上,COD转化为CH₄效率超过77.5%,总氮（TN）去除率为78%,出水COD和TN浓度分别低于14和11 mg·L^-1.AnMBR段COD去除率达到95%,平均甲烷产率为0.39 L·L^-1·d^-1.PN段实现了NO₂^--N的高效积累,其出水中NO₂^-/NH₄⁺为0.91±0.11.Anammox段出水中的NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N浓度分别低于1.0、4.9和5.1 mg·L^-1.高通量测序结果表明PN段氨氧化菌主要为Nitrosomonas,丰度为7.09%,Anammox段主要微生物为Candidatus Brocadia,丰度高达21.01%.本研究构建的AnMBR-PN/A工艺实现了污水处理过程的高效能源回收和深度自养脱氮,研究成果为工程应用提供了理论支撑.     

“NEW” resource recovery from wastewater using bioelectrochemical systems: Moving forward with functions

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have been extensively studied for resource recovery from wastewater. By taking advantage of interactions between microorganisms and electrodes, BES can accomplish wastewater treatment while simultaneously recovering various resources including nutrients, energy and water (“NEW”). Despite much progress in laboratory studies, BES have not been advanced to practical applications. This paper aims to provide some subjective opinions and a concise discussion of several key challenges in BES-based resource recovery and help identify the potential application niches that may guide further technological development. In addition to further increasing recovery efficiency, it is also important to have more focus on the applications of the recovered resources such as how to use the harvested electricity and gaseous energy and how to separate the recovered nutrients in an energy-efficient way. A change in mindset for energy performance of BES is necessary to understand overall energy production and consumption. Scaling up BES can go through laboratory scale, transitional scale, and then pilot scale. Using functions as driving forces for BES research and development will better guide the investment of efforts.

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Individual relocation decisions after tornadoes: a multi‐level analysis

This study examines how multi‐level factors affected individuals' relocation decisions after EF4 and EF5 (Enhanced Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale) tornadoes struck the United States in 2013. A telephone survey was conducted with 536 respondents, including oversampled older adults, one year after these two disaster events. Respondents' addresses were used to associate individual information with block group‐level variables recorded by the American Community Survey. Logistic regression revealed that residential damage and homeownership are important predictors of relocation. There was also significant interaction between these two variables, indicating less difference between homeowners and renters at higher damage levels. Homeownership diminished the likelihood of relocation among younger respondents. Random effects logistic regression found that the percentage of homeownership and of higher income households in the community buffered the effect of damage on relocation; the percentage of older adults reduced the likelihood of this group relocating. The findings are assessed from the standpoint of age difference, policy implications, and social capital and vulnerability.     

基于HepG2细胞脂质组学方法对黄浦江水质的综合评价

环境水体中复合污染的毒性识别一直是环境科学界关注的热点.基于代谢组学的生物监测方法通过监测暴露前后生物内源性代谢物的变化,在评估复合污染导致的综合毒性效应中具有广泛的应用前景.本研究从污染物对细胞脂类代谢的影响角度出发,采用体外肝癌细胞(HepG2)暴露和脂质组分析相结合的方法,对黄浦江干流和支流共27个采样点的水质进行了综合评价.研究发现,水样对HepG2细胞的脂代谢影响程度与采样点所属河段紧密相关.黄浦江中游水样对HepG2细胞的平均脂代谢影响程度(3.40％)高于上游(1.65％)和下游(0.78％),而流经城区的支流水样对细胞的脂代谢影响(5.20％)明显高于干流水样(1.80％).此外,在采集的水样中超过70％的样品都导致HepG2细胞内甘油三酯(TG)大量蓄积,揭示了黄浦江水体中的复合污染物可能诱导肝脏产生脂毒性损伤.本研究为环境水质监测提供新的方法,研究结果为上海市生态环境和水质安全管理部门提供重要的参考信息.