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排序方式: 共有151条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
61.
Maria Byrne Natalie A. Soars Melanie A. Ho Eunice Wong David McElroy Paulina Selvakumaraswamy Symon A. Dworjanyn Andrew R. Davis 《Marine Biology》2010,157(9):2061-2069
Climate change driven ocean acidification and hypercapnia may have a negative impact on fertilization in marine organisms
because of the narcotic effect these stressors exert on sperm. In contrast, warmer, less viscous water may have a positive
influence on sperm swimming speed and so ocean warming may enhance fertilization. To address questions on future vulnerabilities
we examined the interactive effects of near-future ocean warming and ocean acidification/hypercapnia on fertilization in intertidal
and shallow subtidal echinoids (Heliocidaris erythrogramma, H. tuberculata, Tripneustes gratilla, Centrostephanus rodgersii), an asteroid (Patiriella regularis) and an abalone (Haliotis coccoradiata). Batches of eggs from multiple females were fertilized by sperm from multiple males in all combinations of three temperature
and three
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} treatments. Experiments were placed in the setting of projected near-future conditions for southeast Australia, an ocean
change hot spot. There was no significant effect of warming and acidification on the percentage of fertilization. These results
indicate that fertilization in these species is robust to temperature and
\textpH/P\textCO2 {\text{pH}}/P_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }} fluctuation. This may reflect adaptation to the marked fluctuation in temperature and pH that characterises their shallow
water coastal habitats. Efforts to identify potential impacts of ocean change to the life histories of coastal marine invertebrates
are best to focus on more vulnerable embryonic and larval stages because of their long time in the water column where seawater
chemistry and temperature have a major impact on development. 相似文献
62.
Melanie B. Ruhiman Wade L. Nutter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(2):277-290
ABSTRACT: Historic changes in stream channel morphology were investigated in the Georgia Piedmont to better understand the hydrologic processes and functioning of the region's riverine systems. USGS gaging station data and channel geomorphology data were collected from thirty study sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin for flood frequency analysis. Historic and modern (i.e., present-day) channel capacity discharge (i.e., overbank flow) was calculated using Manning's equation and historic channel cross-section records. The recurrence interval for overbank flow was estimated for each site from flood frequency data. Results indicate that channel expansion has occurred throughout the basin, especially in upper reaches. Recurrence intervals for modern overbank events were variable and generally high ranging from < 2 to > 500 years for first to third order streams. They were less variable and lower for fourth and fifth order streams, ranging from < 2 to 3 years. Potential depositional thresholds were identified that exemplify the complex response of sediment distribution patterns throughout the basin. Results indicate overbank flows occur less frequently now than they once did due to historic accelerated sedimentation and subsequent channel expansion. One application of these findings is that these basin processes are likely applicable across the region and may impact the hydrologic functioning of associated Piedmont riverine wetlands that depend on flooding regimes. 相似文献
63.
The degradation of spiramycin induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was studied at pH 3–4, 6–7 and 8–9 using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the influence of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen on the photodegradation was investigated. Three degradation products were observed in the presence of oxygen and four in the absence of oxygen. The degradation kinetics were monitored as mass area-time curves, analyzed and described using subsequent follow-up reaction first-order models. The m/z values of the degradation products were determined to be 160, 322 and 366, the latter representing two separate products, the sugar moieties of spiramycin. Remainders of the macrocycle or the intact lactone ring of spiramycin were not observed, since the conjugated π-electron system was assumed photoexcited and thus undergoing photodegradation and fast destruction of the ring. The kinetic of the degradation of spiramycin itself was described using a first-order model. The degradation was accelerated upon addition of hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, systematic acceleration depending on pH could not be found. The absence of oxygen did not lead to any significant acceleration. The findings are interpreted in terms of the effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes and their potential use as a fourth purification step in wastewater treatment plants. 相似文献
64.
Gas-phase photolytic production of hydroxyl radicals in an ultraviolet purifier for air and surfaces
David R. Crosley Melanie Doyle-Eisele Jacob D. McDonald 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2017,67(2):231-240
We have measured the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (OH) produced in the gas phase by a commercially available purifier for air and surfaces, using the time rate of decay of n-heptane added to an environmental chamber. The hydroxyl generator, an Odorox® BOSS? model, produces the OH through 185-nm photolysis of ambient water vapor. The steady-state concentration of OH produced in the 120 m3 chamber is, with 2σ error bars, (3.25 ± 0.80) × 106 cm?3. The properties of the hydroxyl generator, in particular the output of the ultraviolet lamps and the air throughput, together with an estimation of the water concentration, were used to predict the amount of OH produced by the device, with no fitted parameters. To relate this calculation to a steady-state concentration, we must estimate the OH loss rate within the chamber owing to reaction with the n-heptane and the 7 ppb of background hydrocarbons that are present. The result is a predicted steady-state concentration in excellent agreement with the measured value. This shows we understand well the processes occurring in the gas phase during operation of this hydroxyl radical purifier.Implications: Hydroxyl radical air purifiers are used for cleaning both gaseous contaminants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or hazardous gases, and biological pathogens, both airborne and on surfaces. This is the first chemical kinetic study of such a purifier that creates gas-phase OH by ultraviolet light photolysis of H2O. It shows that the amount of hydroxyls produced agrees well with nonparameterized calculations using the purifier lamp output and device airflow. These results can be used for designing appropriate remediation strategies. 相似文献
65.
A discrepancy is reported between the karyotype of both direct and cultured chorionic villus cells (46,XX) and a fetal skin biopsy (47,XX,+18). The significance of this result is discussed and compared with similar discordant findings reported in the literature. 相似文献
66.
Melanie von der Wiesche und Dietrich Werner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1998,10(3):179-187
Zusammenfassung Nach wie vor findet der Faktor Zeit in den Umweltwissenschaften zu wenig Beachtung. Langfristige Beobachtungen und Me?reihen
in der ?kologischen Forschung, wie sie für die Bewertung und Prognosen von Umweltzust?nden und-entwicklunger, unabdingbar
w?ren, scheinen die Ausnahme zu sein. Besonders komplexe ?kosysteme, wie terrestrische oder marine Systeme, kennzeichnen sich
auch durch l?ngere natürliche Eigenzeiten, die deshalb bei ihrer Erforschung berücksichtigt werden mü?ten. In diesem Zusammenhang
soll verdeutlicht werden, welche Rolle zeitliche Parameter speziell in der terrestrischen ?kosystemforschung spielen. Zu diesem
Zweck wurde eine Datenbank konzipiert, die Hauptcharakteristika von ?kosystemaren Analysen aufnehmen kann. Forschungsberichte
verschiedener ?kosystemforschungszentren wurden zur Aufnahme in die Datenbank bearbeitet. Gezielte Abfragen auf den Datenpool
erm?glichen dann eine Auswertung hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Ausrichtung bestimmter Untersuchungen. Dabei stellte sich — neben
einer teilweisen Ungleichheit der Zeitskalen von Experiment und Realit?t — u.a. heraus, da? l?ngerfristige Untersuchungen
?u?erst selten durchgeführt werden. So vielf?ltig die Gründe für dieses Defizit auch sein m?gen, sie k?nnen nicht von der
Forderung nach st?rkerer Berücksichtigung von langzeitlichen Beobachtungen ablenken, will die ?kosystemforschung die an sie
gestellten Aufgaben erfüllen.
相似文献
67.
Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: An Integrated Systems Framework 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Scott G. Leibowitz Parker J. Wigington Jr. Kate A. Schofield Laurie C. Alexander Melanie K. Vanderhoof Heather E. Golden 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2018,54(2):298-322
Interest in connectivity has increased in the aquatic sciences, partly because of its relevance to the Clean Water Act. This paper has two objectives: (1) provide a framework to understand hydrological, chemical, and biological connectivity, focusing on how headwater streams and wetlands connect to and contribute to rivers; and (2) briefly review methods to quantify hydrological and chemical connectivity. Streams and wetlands affect river structure and function by altering material and biological fluxes to the river; this depends on two factors: (1) functions within streams and wetlands that affect material fluxes; and (2) connectivity (or isolation) from streams and wetlands to rivers that allows (or prevents) material transport between systems. Connectivity can be described in terms of frequency, magnitude, duration, timing, and rate of change. It results from physical characteristics of a system, e.g., climate, soils, geology, topography, and the spatial distribution of aquatic components. Biological connectivity is also affected by traits and behavior of the biota. Connectivity can be altered by human impacts, often in complex ways. Because of variability in these factors, connectivity is not constant but varies over time and space. Connectivity can be quantified with field‐based methods, modeling, and remote sensing. Further studies using these methods are needed to classify and quantify connectivity of aquatic ecosystems and to understand how impacts affect connectivity. 相似文献
68.
69.
Traditionally, evolutionary ecology and conservation biology have primarily been concerned with how environmental changes
affect population size and genetic diversity. Recently, however, there has been a growing realization that phenotypic plasticity
can have important consequences for the probability of population persistence, population growth, and evolution during rapid
environmental change. Habitat fragmentation due to human activities is dramatically changing the ecological conditions of
life for many organisms. In this review, we use examples from the literature to demonstrate that habitat fragmentation has
important consequences on oviposition site selection in insects, with carryover effects on offspring survival and, therefore,
population dynamics. We argue that plasticity in oviposition site selection and maternal effects on offspring phenotypes may
be an important, yet underexplored, mechanism by which environmental conditions have consequences across generations. Without
considering the impact of habitat fragmentation on oviposition site selection, it will be difficult to assess the effect of
fragmentation on offspring fitness, and ultimately to understand the impact of anthropogenic-induced environmental change
on population viability. 相似文献