Influence of H2S and NH3 on biogas dry reforming using Ni catalyst: a study on single and synergetic effect

● NH₃ in biogas had a slight inhibitory effect on dry reforming. ● Coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ led to faster decline of biogas conversion. ● Regeneration was effective for catalysts deactivated under synergetic effect. Biogas is a renewable biomass energy source mainly composed of CH₄ and CO₂. Dry reforming is a promising technology for the high-value utilization of biogas. Some impurity gases in biogas can not be completely removed after pretreatment, which may affect the performance of dry reforming. In this study, the influence of typical impurities H₂S and NH₃ on dry reforming was studied using Ni/MgO catalyst. The results showed that low concentration of H₂S in biogas could cause serious deactivation of catalyst. Characterization results including EDS, XPS and TOF-SIMS confirmed the adsorption of sulfur on the catalyst surface, which was the cause of catalyst poisoning. We used air calcination method to regenerate the sulfur-poisoned catalysts and found that the regeneration temperature higher than 500 °C could help catalyst recover the original activity. NH₃ in the concentration range of 50–10000 ppm showed a slight inhibitory effect on biogas dry reforming. The decline rate of biogas conversion efficiency increased with the increase of NH₃ concentration. This was related to the reduction of oxygen activity on catalyst surface caused by NH₃. The synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃ in biogas was investigated. The results showed that biogas conversion decreased faster under the coexistence of H₂S and NH₃ than under the effect of H₂S alone, so as the surface oxygen activity of catalyst. Air calcination regeneration could also recover the activity of the deactivated catalyst under the synergetic effect of H₂S and NH₃.     

城市区域土壤铅含量空间变异的多尺度研究进展

我国城市土壤仍存在Pb的严重富集,准确地评价土壤Pb污染水平和范围是进行科学的土壤Pb污染风险评估和管理的基础.城市土壤Pb含量的空间变异性强且结构复杂,现有的大多数研究在单一空间尺度上开展,不足以全面揭示空间结构特征,不利于促进更加科学的风险评估和管理.因此,探寻一种能够全面揭示城市土壤Pb含量的空间结构信息的方法尤为重要.为了实现这一目的,本文首先分析了造成城市土壤Pb含量高空间变异性的主要因素:污染源的多样性、污染过程的层次性,以及城市景观的异质性.在此基础上归纳出城市土壤Pb含量的空间变异特征——由3个空间层次嵌套而成的等级结构.在此概念性的空间结构之上提出一个基于地统计学理论、以线性混合效应模型为核心的方法框架,可以将城市土壤Pb含量的空间结构划分为3个层次:全局趋势、具有空间自相关的随机变异以及异常高值点.最后,提出完善城市土壤Pb含量空间变异多尺度研究的重点是:探讨更加高效的空间抽样策略;确定特征尺度.     

天津中心城区夏季非甲烷有机化合物组成特征及其臭氧产生潜力分析

大气中非甲烷有机化合物(NMOCs)作为臭氧产生前体物之一,其浓度与组成特征研究对于研究地面臭氧形成的机制有重要的科学意义.选择夏季时段从2009年8月6日到13日在天津中心城区气象局铁塔站位对NMOCs进行采样分析,采样频次为每日5次,采样时间从7:30am到23:00pm间隔2～3h采样1次.天津城区NMOCs的含...     

Physicochemical interaction and its influence on deep bed filtration process

The capillary model was used to analyze the hydraulic conditions in the deep bed filtration process. The physicochemical interaction forces between the filter media and suspended particles and their influence on deep bed filtration process were also studied theoretically. Through the comparison of the hydraulic and physicochemical forces, the key influencing factors on the filtration process were proposed and investigated. Pilot study of the microflocculation deep bed filtration was carried out in the No. 9 Potable Water Treatment Plant of Beijing, and the experimental results of hydraulic head loss, particle distribution and entrapment were presented. The theoretical prediction was reasonably consistent with the experimental results under different conditions, which indicated that the regulation and control of micro-flocculation and deep bed filtration could be realized by the evaluation of the physicochemical interactions. Further theoretical and experimental research should be carried out to investigate the interaction mechanism and its application in the deep bed filtration and other cases.     

HSE管理体系运行常见问题分析及对策

1HSE管理体系运行的常见问题国内石油企业推行HSE管理体系已经十余年,在从上到下各级领导的高度重视下,由最初的少数企业行为,发展到现今的全面推进实施,普遍应用这一系统方法管理企业职业健康、安全和环境工作,     

基于两阶段模糊熵权的震灾抢修抢建价值评估模型

面对地震对工程的破坏与抢修抢建需求,提出一种两阶段模糊熵权的抢修抢建工程价值评估模型。探究地震作用下抢修抢建工程价值特征体系的参数、变化趋势等特征,给出工程项目价值指标的混合判断矩阵,集成模糊熵权方法对工程项目价值指标阶段、准则阶段进行层次化评估,确定工程项目的抢修抢建相对价值系数。模型应用于震后抢修抢建案例,得到工程项目隐含的权值信息,据此得到抢修抢建案例的价值系数及执行序列。     

考虑接头影响的综合管廊标准段地震响应分析∗

地震是造成综合管廊破坏的主要原因之一,综合管廊一旦发生破坏,其产生的后果将比传统埋地管道复杂得多。本文介绍了常见的几种综合管廊接头形式,并对不同的接头形式分别建立有限元模型,选取综合管廊标准段并考虑混凝土塑性损伤模型以及土体本构模型,利用自编程序施加黏弹性人工边界以及等效节点力对不同接头形式下管廊及内部管道进行地震响应分析。结果表明,在不同地震动强度下的最大纵向位移差,整体现浇结构的响应会高于预制拼装结构,且随着地震动强度的增加,响应的差异会进一步增大。两种接头形式下,管廊标准段在地震动作用下的损伤很小,仅在地震动峰值加速度达到0.4g及以上时会发生轻微损伤,不会影响正常使用。同一地震动作用下,小管径的管道应力水平会小于大管径的管道应力水平。同时采用橡胶止水带和预应力钢筋的接头形式会比仅采用橡胶止水带的接头形式更有利于降低廊内管道的应力水平。考虑到采用预应力钢筋连接的预制拼装结构会进一步提高廊内管道的安全水平,因此,在成本允许的情况下,不仅要考虑接头的防水,还应该采用预应力筋对相邻节段连接,进一步提升综合管廊的抗震性能。     

降雨诱发公路滑坡社会风险评估∗

降雨诱发公路滑坡灾害威胁着行车人员的生命安全,评估公路滑坡社会风险具有重要意义。然而,目前的公路滑坡社会风险评估方法无法考虑不同伤亡人数的年发生概率。针对上述不足,提出公路滑坡两类影响方式下不同伤亡人数的年发生概率计算方法,两类影响方式分别为运动滑体冲击行进中车辆和运动车辆碰撞已滑落滑体。提出的方法被用于评估香港地区青山公路某滑坡社会风险。首先基于中国香港历史滑坡数据统计获得降雨诱发该滑坡的年发生概率,之后采用经验公式预测该滑坡可能的滑动距离,最后基于全概率理论对两类影响方式下不同伤亡人数的年发生概率分别进行计算,并基于F?N 图对社会风险进行评价。评价结果表明不同类型车辆人员的伤亡风险互不相同,运动滑体冲击行进中车辆造成的人员伤亡风险低于运动车辆碰撞已滑落滑体造成的人员伤亡风险。     

生活垃圾堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学研究

为了改善堆肥微环境 ,提高生活垃圾堆肥速率 ,研究堆肥工艺条件及其反应动力学是非常必要的。通过控制堆肥工艺条件 ,如初始温度、含水率、C/N比及堆料颗粒大小 ,研究生活垃圾堆肥过程中生物、化学及物理因素的变化。试验结果表明 ,生活垃圾堆肥反应符合一级反应动力学 ;合理控制堆肥初始反应条件 ,能明显提高堆肥效率。     

济南市土壤中酞酸酯的分析与分布

本文对济南市土壤中酞酸酯污染的重点地区进行了比较详细的研究，初步掌握了酞酸酯在土壤中分布状况及分布规律。