维修时间不确定性下配电网灾后维修队安排的鲁棒恢复研究*

为最小化灾后配电网损失量,准确描述完整维修队工作时间（分为路途时间与具体维修时间）,依据台风路径对维修队所需路途时间进行分类,并利用期望概率描述具体维修时间的不确定性。建立2阶段分布式鲁棒优化模型,采用CCG算法分析国内某地区配电网算例发现:考虑维修时间不确定性可以有效减少配电网损失量。     

考虑儿童运动特性的小学教学楼楼梯间人员疏散研究

为研究小学教学楼楼梯间人员运动行为以及影响人员疏散的因素,开展人员疏散实验并构建疏散模拟场景。基于疏散实验研究不同实验场景的出口流量和人员运动速度,通过疏散仿真模拟,分析不同人员运动速度、人员数量及疏散策略对疏散的影响。结果表明:排队下楼的人员运动速度比紧急疏散人员低22.7%,自由上楼人员运动速度比排队上楼人员高8%;人员总疏散时间随人员运动速度的增加而降低,但总疏散时间随速度增加而降低的幅度变小;加入分层疏散策略会增加人群疏散总时间,但整个疏散过程人员分布均匀,在建筑瓶颈不易产生人员过度拥挤现象,因而在疏散过程中应适当采用分层疏散策略。     

国产铝合金表面涂层体系在多因素综合加速试验条件下的老化规律研究

研究了一种国产新型铝合金表面防护体系在多因素协同加速试验条件下的表面性能变化规律。涂层在0.01 Hz处的阻抗模值由初始的1.88×10~9 Ω下降为2.04×10~7 Ω。经历5个周期的户内多因素综合加速试验的过程中,2A97铝合金表面涂层体系的防护效果呈持续下降趋势,但5周期后尚未完全失效。     

Taxonomic and functional variations in the microbial community during the upgrade process of a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant – from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification

• Upgrade process was investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant. • The optimization of DO can technically achieve the shift from CND to PND process. • Nitrosomonas was mainly responsible for ammonium oxidation in PND system. • An obviously enrichment of Thauera was found in the PND process. • Enhanced metabolic potentials on organics was found during the process update. Because of the low access to biodegradable organic substances used for denitrification, the partial nitrification-denitrification process has been considered as a low-cost, sustainable alternative for landfill leachate treatment. In this study, the process upgrade from conventional to partial nitrification-denitrification was comprehensively investigated in a full-scale landfill leachate treatment plant (LLTP). The partial nitrification-denitrification system was successfully achieved through the optimizing dissolved oxygen and the external carbon source, with effluent nitrogen concentrations lower than 150 mg/L. Moreover, the upgrading process facilitated the enrichment of Nitrosomonas (abundance increased from 0.4% to 3.3%), which was also evidenced by increased abundance of amoA/B/C genes carried by Nitrosomonas. Although Nitrospira (accounting for 0.1%–0.6%) was found to stably exist in the reactor tank, considerable nitrite accumulation occurred in the reactor (reaching 98.8 mg/L), indicating high-efficiency of the partial nitrification process. Moreover, the abundance of Thauera, the dominant denitrifying bacteria responsible for nitrite reduction, gradually increased from 0.60% to 5.52% during the upgrade process. This process caused great changes in the microbial community, inducing continuous succession of heterotrophic bacteria accompanied by enhanced metabolic potentials toward organic substances. The results obtained in this study advanced our understanding of the operation of a partial nitrification-denitrification system and provided a technical case for the upgrade of currently existing full-scale LLTPs.     

N2 fixation in urbanization area rivers: spatial-temporal variations and influencing factors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - While nitrogen (N2) fixation is an important process in nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycling, supplying a significant portion of the N in natural...     

Manganese-modified biochar for highly efficient sorption of cadmium

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, corn stalk was modified by manganese (Mn) before (MBC1) and after (MBC2) pyrolysis at different temperatures (400~600 °C)...     

开孔陶粒的制备与同步硝化/反硝化生物反应器的构建

为了在常规淡水养殖条件下实现同步硝化/反硝化(SND)脱氮,研究了自制陶粒组建SND生物反应器的脱氮能力。结果表明,在陶土中添加1.5%(质量分数)纸纤维,900℃烧蚀6h,可制得内部具有丰富开孔孔隙结构的多孔陶粒;利用该陶粒构建SND生物反应器,在常规淡水养殖条件下,可顺利启动SND反应,亚硝态氮在第2天时开始显著积累,氨氮质量浓度在第6天起即可从15mg/L降至检测限以下;开孔陶粒借助内部孔隙形成好氧/厌氧微环境,抑制亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)生长并促使氨氧化细菌(AOB)成为优势菌,同时陶粒对溶液中氨氮具有选择吸附能力,促进了SND生物反应器的脱氮作用。     

地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离概率预测模型∗

地震诱发滑坡失稳是一种常见的地质灾害。如何预测地震作用下滑坡的水平运动距离对该地质灾害的防治具有重要作用。现有经验预测模型存在不能区分有阻碍滑坡和无阻碍滑坡,依据的案例较少且只能提供滑坡水平运动距离的最优估计值而无法提供其预测误差的局限。针对上述不足,首先建立包含380个案例的地震滑坡水平运动距离案例库,基于最大似然法原理,提出可同时考虑有阻碍滑坡和无阻碍滑坡的地震滑坡运动距离经验模型标定方法。单因素回归分析表明,地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离与滑坡垂直运动距离和滑坡体积具有较高的相关性,与滑坡倾角和滑坡表面长宽比相关性较小。在此基础上,通过逐步回归的方法建立滑坡水平运动距离的多因素预测模型。案例分析表明,提出的模型具有较高的预测精度。提出的地震作用下滑坡水平运动距离预测模型可为地震滑坡危险性评价提供参考。     

A comparative study of vocational education and occupational safety and health training in China and the UK

In order to enhance Chinese workers’ occupational safety awareness, it is essential to learn from developed countries’ experiences. This article investigates thoroughly occupational safety and health (OSH) in China and the UK; moreover, the article performs a comparison of Chinese and British OSH training-related laws, regulations and education system. The following conclusions are drawn: China’s work safety continues to improve, but there is still a large gap compared with the UK. In China a relatively complete vocational education and training (VET) system has been established. However, there exist some defects in OSH. In the UK, the employer will not only pay attention to employees’ physiological health, but also to their mental health. The UK’s VET is characterized by classification and grading management, which helps integrate OSH into the whole education system. China can learn from the UK in the development of policies, VET and OSH training.     

齐齐哈尔市PM2.5与PM10污染趋势及相关性分析

对2014—2016年齐齐哈尔市PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度的时间变化特征进行简要分析,并探究PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)以及PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的相关性。结果表明:2014—2016年齐齐哈尔的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的年均质量浓度分别为36.7、62.9μg/m~3,且呈逐渐下降趋势;冬季的PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)浓度最高,秋季次之,春季与夏季相对较低;2014—2016年PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度月变化趋势基本相同,整体呈现2—6月逐渐下降,9—11月逐渐上升的规律;PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)质量浓度的日变化均呈双峰现象;对PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)进行线性拟合,相关系数为0.896 3。同时,残差分析也说明两者拟合情况良好,四季相关系数为r_(秋季)(0.982 2)r_(冬季)(0.964 4)r_(夏季)(0.943 9)r_(春季)(0.829 6);2014—2016年PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)平均值为55.27%,大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)的贡献率高达一半以上。