典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估

针对典型案例地下水污染模拟预测评估,可以选取中国东北部某典型工业污染源,应用地下水有限差分软件Visual Modflow,在地下水水均衡计算的基础上,结合气象、地质、水文、水质等资料,建立了典型工业污染源地下水水流水质预测模型.研究了地下水运动规律及水中污染物迁移转化规律,预测出未来两年内的地下水流及水质变化情况,为当地政府提出地下水污染防治对策和措施提供了理论依据.这样可以利用中国东北部某典型工业污染源,为地下水的保护提供保障.     

基于反硝化脱氮的硫铁复合填料除磷机制

为提高硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步除磷效果,对比研究了不同填料和耦合微生物后的除磷效果,分析了微生物耦合硫铁复合填料反硝化脱氮同步实现除磷的机制.结果表明与单纯海绵铁填料比较,硫磺与海绵铁复合填料除磷效率提高30%,达到95%以上,出水磷含量可降至0.1 mg·L~(-1)以下.X射线衍射(XRD)和总铁浓度分析表明,硫铁复合填料除磷系统反应产物主要为FeOOH、FeS和Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3固体物质和溶解性铁离子,产生于海绵铁的腐蚀和除磷过程;腐蚀产生的Fe~(2+)及Fe~(3+)的水解产物FeOOH和Fe S通过吸附沉淀作用将PO_4~(3-)转化为Fe_4(PO_4)_3(OH)_3去除.微生物耦合硫铁炭复合填料反应器运行稳定后,TN、TP去除率分别在90%左右和83%以上;硫自养反硝化产生的H~+和生物铁作用也可以促进海绵铁腐蚀和除磷过程,体系将"异养协同自养"复合反硝化与化学除磷有机结合,实现了城市污水处理厂尾水高效反硝化脱氮同步除磷的目的.     

IPCC情景下中国大陆区域排放清单预测

参考IPCC情景设计方法,采用IPAT方程预测未来不同经济社会发展情景(A1B、A2及B1情景)下中国大陆区域2020,2050年能源消耗量,结合分部门、分燃料的排放因子,得到大陆区域2020,2050年SO_2、NO_x排放清单。全球共同发展情景(A1B情景)下SO_2、NO_x排放量最大,其次为经济发展速度较慢的区域发展情景(A2情景),全球可持续发展情景(B1情景)污染排放量最低。结果表明:火力发电、工业及交通运输业对SO_2、NO_x排放量贡献最大,在未来几十年仍是污染控制的关键部门。     

硫酸盐还原菌在油田中的防治方法及研究进展

文章介绍了近年来在油田中防治SRB的各种技术,列举各种技术的最新应用,并对各种技术的原理、特点以及研究进展等方面进行分析与探讨。     

风景区建设初期跨越式发展的思考与借鉴——以广州增城白水寨省级风景名胜区为例

位于广州增城北部的白水寨省级风景名胜区成立于2005年,经过短短5年的建设和运营,2009年风景区的游客量猛增到330万人次,达到甚至超越了当年黄山、泰山等世界遗产的游客量.究其成功的原因,主要是高水准的科学规划、高效而渐进的管理机制、借力腾飞的市场运营和强力的政策支持.从这四方面对白水寨风景名胜区建设初期成功实现跨越式发展的经验进行系统论述,以期为其他新兴风景区的发展提供参考和借鉴.     

应用改进的数量化理论预测道路断面事故率

为准确预测道路断面的安全性,建立道路交通事故断面事故率模型。首先选定事故率作为微观预测目标,选取驾驶员的驾龄、车道数、平曲线半径、纵坡度、路面情况、路口路段类型、道路宽度7项因素作为主要影响因素,并且将各影响因素分为若干类目。在数量化理论的基础之上建立改进的数量化理论的道路断面事故率预测模型,最后以某国道222.888～377.387 km段作为算例进行计算,并选取事故多发段333.5～334.0 km处对模型进行具体应用。研究结果表明,对事故影响最大的是该路段中三枝交叉口,其次是3 a(含3 a)以下驾龄及四枝交叉口。     

综掘面风幕集尘除尘系统的参数优化与数值模拟

针对目前井下综掘面粉尘治理难的问题,研制了一种新型风幕集尘除尘系统。其中风幕风机的风速、除尘风筒的结构尺寸及出口压力是影响整个系统集尘除尘效果的决定性因素。为使风幕集尘除尘系统的防治粉尘效果达到最优,通过计算流体力学FLUENT软件,分析风幕风机风速、除尘风筒直径及出口压力改变的条件下风机的表面空气流线以及粉尘颗粒轨迹。得到风机风速、除尘风筒的直径及出口压力对整个系统集尘除尘效果影响的规律。结果表明:单方面增加风幕风机的风速或出口压力时,系统的集尘除尘效果在一定范围内可以变好,但是超过一定范围之后,风速的增加或者出口压力的增大反而使系统集尘除尘效果变差;在其他条件不变的情况下,除尘风筒直径越大系统集尘除尘效果越好。     

包埋异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37脱氮效果的碳源选择

为解决有机碳不足抑制反硝化反应造成的脱氮效率低下的问题,在异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37固定化过程中分别加入乳糖、柠檬酸钠、可溶性淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖作为碳源研究其脱氮效果.试验结果显示,脱氮效果从大到小为可溶性淀粉、葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸钠、乳糖;其中可溶性淀粉作为碳源的脱氮效果最佳,脱氮率能达到85％.加入适量的可溶性淀粉可以很好的改善海藻酸钠、PVA小球的机械强度,减少PVA小球吸附成团,吸水溶胀现象.分别加入质量浓度为3 g/L、5 g/L、8 g/L、10 g/L的可溶性淀粉,确定菌株qy37菌最适碳源的质量浓度为8 g/L.对碳源的包埋方式即将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌分开包埋和一起包埋进行对比.试验结果显示,将碳源和异养硝化好氧反硝化菌株qy37一起包埋的小球脱氮效果较好,最终脱氮率达到92％以上.同时发现碳源材料固定化后具有缓释性能,随着反硝化过程中有机质的消耗,可以不断向水体释放有机质.     

Can assessing for potential contribution of soil organic and inorganic components for butachlor sorption be improved?

Sorption of butachlor to various types of common soil components was investigated. Six pure minerals (montmorillonite [Mont], kaolinite [Kaol], Ca homoionic montmorillonite [Ca-Mont] and kaolinite [Ca-Kaol], amorphous hydrated Al and Fe oxides [AHOs-Al, AHOs-Fe]), four soil alkali-extractable pure humic acids (HAs), and the four corresponding HAs originated real unmodified and HO-treated soils were selected as the representative sorbents. Results showed that the HAs played a crucial role, and clay minerals (especially Mont) also showed an important effect in butachlor sorption. The AHOs may likely influence only in a mediator way by enhancing the availability of sorption domains of HAs. By removing 78% (on average) of the total organic carbon (TOC) from the soils with HO, the content ratio of clay to TOC (RCO) increased by an average of 367% and became >60. This change simultaneously decreased the sorption capacity of soils (40%, on average). Considering that the surface sorption domain on clay minerals may be highly exposed and more competitive after the partial removal of soil organic matter (SOM), this reaffirmed the potential contribution from clay minerals. It can thus be inferred that in the real soil where SOM and clay minerals are associated, the coating of clay minerals may have weakened the partition function of SOM or blocked some sorption domain within SOM, resulting in a decreased sorption of butachlor. Therefore, clay minerals, especially 2:1 type expanding minerals, may play a dual function vs. SOM content for the sorption of butachlor in soil.     

Removal of arsenate from water by adsorbents: a comparative case study

Laboratory and field filtration experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness of As(V) removal for five types of adsorbent media. The media included activated alumina (AA), modified activated alumina (MAA), granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), granular ferric oxide (GFO), and granular titanium dioxide (TiO?). In laboratory batch and column experiments, the synthetic challenge water was used to evaluate the effectiveness for five adsorbents. The results of the batch experiments showed that the As(V) adsorption decreased as follows at pH 6.5: TiO? > GFO > GFH > MAA > AA. At pH 8.5, however, As(V) removal decreased in the following order: GFO = TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. In column experiments, at pH 6.5, the adsorbed As(V) for adsorbents followed the order: TiO? > GFO > GFH, whereas at pH 8.5 the order became: GFO = TiO? > GFH when the challenge water containing 50 μg/L of As(V) was used. Field filtration experiments were carried out in parallel at a wellhead in New Jersey. Before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to 10 μg/L, approximately 58,000 and 41,500 bed volumes of groundwater containing an average of 47 μg/L of As(V) were treated by the filter system packed with GFO and TiO?, respectively. The As(V) adsorption decreased in the following sequence: GFO > TiO? > GFH > MAA > AA. Filtration results demonstrated that GFO and TiO? adsorbents could be used as media in small community filtration systems for As(V) removal.