颗粒物吸附乐果的动力学特征

研究了乐果在颗粒物表面上吸附的动力学特征,观察了颗粒物的性质对吸附行为的影响.结果表明,乐果在3种颗粒物上的吸附过程均符合一级动力学规律,其相关系数在0.986 2～0.990 5,达到极显著水平.颗粒物的性质与吸附量相关分析发现,不同颗粒物对乐果的吸附程度是由颗粒物的有机质、粘粒、阳离子交换容量(CEC)和pH等理化特征综合作用的结果.pH对吸附行为影响的实验结果指出,随着体系的pH逐渐增大,颗粒物对乐果的吸附能力增强.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk

We studied the source, concentration, spatial distribution and health risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of Beijing. The total mass concentration of 16 PAHs ranged from 93 to 13 141 μg kg⁻¹ with a mean of 1228 μg kg⁻¹. The contour map of soil PAH concentrations showed that the industrial zone, the historical Hutong district and the university district of Beijing have significantly higher concentrations than those in remainder of the city. The results of sources identification suggested that the primary sources of PAHs were vehicle exhaust and coal combustion and the secondary source was the atmospheric deposition of long-range transported PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to PAHs in the urban soils of Beijing for adult were 1.77 × 10⁻⁶ and 2.48 × 10⁻⁵, respectively under normal and extreme conditions. For child, they were 8.87 × 10⁻⁷ and 6.72 × 10⁻⁶, respectively under normal and extreme conditions.     

本构模型特性对深厚场地非线性地震反应的影响

采用基于Davidenkov和Matasovic骨架曲线构造的不规则加卸荷应力—应变滞回圈,数值模拟了2个剖面的苏州第四纪深厚场地二维非线性地震反应。结果表明:(1)采用Matasovic模型计算的地表峰值加速度稍大于采用Davidenkov模型计算的地表峰值加速度,但前者计算的地表地震动持续时间稍小于后者计算的。随着基岩输入地震动强度的增大,两者给出的地表峰值加速度差异呈现逐渐增大的趋势,并与土体的横向不均匀特性有关;(2)两者给出的地表谱加速度谱形基本相似,其差异随基岩输入地震动强度的增大而增大;远场地震动作用下地表谱加速度的卓越周期也随输入地震动强度的增大而增大;(3)两者给出的峰值加速度随土层深度和横向的空间变化特征基本一致,远场地震动作用下的地表峰值加速度明显大于近场地震动作用下的地表峰值加速度。     

黄土高原不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态特征及其温度敏感性

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动观测系统监测了黄土高原不同侵蚀区(水蚀区、水蚀风蚀交错区、风蚀区)生物结皮土壤CO2通量的日变化,分析了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.结果表明:以去除生物结皮为对照,具有生理活性的生物结皮降低了土壤CO2通量,其中,水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区土壤日平均CO2通量分别降低了5.0％、8.9％和20.5％.水蚀区、交错区和风蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量日动态均呈单峰型曲线,峰值出现在12:00-14:00左右,大小分别为1.64、1.64和1.37 μmol·m-2·s-1,但日变化幅度差异明显.土壤呼吸速率随温度的升高呈上升趋势,指数函数能够较好地描述二者的关系.生物结皮土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10在空间尺度上存在一定变异,其中,水蚀区、交错区Q10值变化范围为1.93～ 2.43,而风蚀区Q10值变化范围为4.80～ 5.56,说明风蚀区生物结皮土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性大于水蚀区和交错区.本研究表明,在探求黄土高原地区土壤碳交换时,应当考虑生物结皮的影响及不同侵蚀区生物结皮土壤CO2通量的差异性.     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

月亮高度及升降时刻与方位的计算

本文编制了计算某地理位置、某一天月亮的出升下降时刻和方位、月亮最高高度和某一时刻月亮高度和方位的计算程序 ,并对程序进行了检验。以防灾技术高等专科学校三楼实训室的地理坐标 (116°4 7 6 31′E ,39°5 7 0 90′N)为例 ,计算了防灾技术高等专科学校 2 0 0 2年 12月 30日 9点 5 4分 30秒的各参数值。     

热活化过硫酸盐联合混凝处理微乳浊液的机理

在冶金冷轧微乳浊液中,醚链较长、αH较多的非离子型表面活性剂的存在导致体系稳定性极高而难于降解,利用热活化过硫酸盐（PS）进行破乳预处理,并联合混凝作用,以实现高效的油水分离.本文研究了PS浓度、体系温度、pH值对上述反应的影响,根据电子顺磁共振等分析技术确定了作用自由基类型及其贡献率,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析了反应前后微乳浊液成分,根据激光粒度法测定了反应过程油滴粒径,结果表明：增大PS浓度和温度、降低pH值均有利于提高COD去除率;降解过程包括SO₄^-.、OH^.破乳及聚合硫酸铁促使强疏水性油滴脱稳,且SO₄^-.为破乳主导自由基（贡献率86.33%）;基于联合工艺的COD去除率和运行成本均优于热活化PS单一工艺.     

利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪研究燃煤尘质谱特征

采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)和再悬浮采样器联用的方式对燃煤电厂烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征进行测定,并使用颗粒物粒径分级采样仪ELPI测定其粒径分布特征.研究表明,SPAMS监测得到的粒径分布与ELPI结果差异较大,SPAMS对于500 nm以上粒径段检测效果较好;两个样品正谱图中有非常明显的锂、钙、钛、铝等金属组分信号和碳组分信号特征,负谱图中硅酸盐、硝酸盐和硫酸盐等信号比较明显,并且随着粒径的增加碳组分、硫酸盐和硝酸盐等组分对应的信号强度逐渐减弱,而硅酸盐、铝、钙和钛等组分对应的信号强度逐渐增强;对两个样品使用ART-2a聚类获得多个颗粒物类别,分析表明,它们均含有元素碳二次类(硫酸盐和硝酸盐缩写为二次Sec)、有机碳二次类、铝元素碳类、铝钙硅酸盐类和富硅酸盐类等颗粒物类别,并且随着粒径的增加金属硅酸盐颗粒出现频率增大,而含碳颗粒与硫酸盐出现频率降低.但烟道气样品和下载灰样品的质谱特征呈显著差异,下载灰样品更能代表燃煤源真实排放特征.建议在今后建立基于单颗粒质谱固定源成分谱时,应使用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪在外场进行实测,并使用聚类的方法提取不同粒径段上的源质谱特征,可能会取得更好的效果.     

湿法变相静电分离净化工艺对烟气脱硫除尘效果研究

通过湿法喷淋使锅炉烟气中的SO2等气体污染物被石灰水吸收而转入液相,再利用高压静电分离进一步去除烟气中的含硫雾滴及细尘粒等,是一种新型的高效脱硫除尘工艺。实验研究结果表明,在石灰水中Ca(OH)2含量为0.90%,石灰水用量为0.4 t/h的条件下的脱硫效率可达99%;湿式静电分离的电压对除尘效率具有显著影响,随着电压升高,除尘效率呈明显增大趋势。