氟喹诺酮类抗生素环境行为及其生态毒理研究进展

氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)是治疗人和动物细菌性感染的高效广谱抗菌药,随着氟喹诺酮类抗生素在禽畜养殖业的广泛使用,由此引起的环境污染受到人们的关注。本文综述了氟喹诺酮类抗生素在水体、土壤/沉积物中的污染现状、吸附降解环境行为及其生态毒理研究进展。FQs抗生素的环境行为和风险应从环境多介质层面进行评估,同时应加强对生态毒性机理以及与其他环境污染物的联合毒性效应的研究。     

近岸海域典型水体中镉的水生态风险评估

为了解我国近岸海域重金属污染现状,以镉为目标污染物,选择北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、辽东湾、闽江口、珠江口、长江口、黄河口等8个典型海湾、河口区域作为评估目标区域进行水生态风险评估。研究结果显示:北部湾、渤海湾、杭州湾、闽江口、长江口、珠江口、黄河口等7个海域水体中镉的暴露水平较低,从2005至2013年其急、慢性暴露的最高潜在影响比例均低于5%,且整体呈下降趋势。辽东湾水体中镉从2005至2013年对水生生物的最高潜在影响比例为28.67%(95%置信区间26.29%~30.06%),5%、10%、15%、20%超过率对应的潜在影响比例分别为18.95%(17.84%~20.23%)、12.51%(11.65%~13.61%)、8.26%(7.40%~9.15%)、5.45%(4.62%~6.16%),其在2005—2010年间呈现略微上升趋势,2010—2013年间呈现下降趋势。水体中镉暴露水平主要受入海河流污染物输入的影响,其中五里河、大凌河影响最强。     

荧光量子点在神经毒理学研究中的应用及前景

如今纳米生物技术的研究正以迅猛的势头不断发展。量子点作为一种新型的纳米荧光探针,由于其优越的光电学特性在生物学和毒理学领域有着广阔的应用前景。神经毒理学作为毒理学的一个重要分支,量子点的应用也给该领域带来了技术上的革命。本文重点阐述了量子点作为一种新型单分子技术和一种优秀的荧光探针在神经毒理学研究中的应用。同时,作者还简要介绍了量子点进入机体神经系统的途径和影响其应用的一些因素,为今后量子点的生物安全性研究和更好地应用提供了有价值的参考。     

外源钙对两种价态锑胁迫下水稻幼苗吸收积累锑和钙的影响

通过溶液培养试验,研究外源钙对两种价态锑[Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)]胁迫下水稻吸收积累锑和钙的影响。结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(III)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,施Ca可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害。Sb(III)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加对水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Ca影响不一致。当溶液中的Ca浓度为5.0 mmol·L-1时,添加三价Sb 10和30μmol·L-1均可以显著地降低水稻茎叶中的Ca含量15.7%和49.4%,但是添加Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为30μmol·L-1时,却分别提高水稻茎叶和根系Ca含量26.2%和50.4%。Ca的添加可以显著地降低水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累。在30μmol·L-1Sb(III)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低19.0%-79.4%和42.6%-71.8%;在30μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加5.0和20 mmol·L-1的Ca可导致水稻根系和水稻茎叶Sb浓度分别比对照处理降低34.3%-70.6%和74.1%-84.6%。Ca的添加对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响。综上所述,可以通过施用Ca肥来防治农田Sb污染,降低Sb对人体健康的危害。     

IPCC情景下中国大陆区域排放清单预测

参考IPCC情景设计方法,采用IPAT方程预测未来不同经济社会发展情景(A1B、A2及B1情景)下中国大陆区域2020,2050年能源消耗量,结合分部门、分燃料的排放因子,得到大陆区域2020,2050年SO_2、NO_x排放清单。全球共同发展情景(A1B情景)下SO_2、NO_x排放量最大,其次为经济发展速度较慢的区域发展情景(A2情景),全球可持续发展情景(B1情景)污染排放量最低。结果表明:火力发电、工业及交通运输业对SO_2、NO_x排放量贡献最大,在未来几十年仍是污染控制的关键部门。     

The potential risk assessment for different arsenic species in the aquatic environment

The different toxicity characteristics of arsenic species result in discrepant ecological risk. The predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) 43.65, 250.18, and 2.00 × 10³ μg/L were calculated for As(III), As(V), and dimethylarsinic acid in aqueous phase, respectively. With these PNECs, the ecological risk from arsenic species in Pearl River Delta in China and Kwabrafo stream in Ghana was evaluated. It was found that the risk from As(III) and As(V) in the samples from Pearl River Delta was low, while much high in Kwabrafo stream. This study implies that ecological risk of arsenic should be evaluated basing on its species.     

锻模毛边槽楔角对充满性影响的研究

用毛边槽桥部楔角不同的几种模具进行了模锻工艺试验,结果表明楔角α在3°～15°范围内,随着α的增大,充满性提高,成形载荷下降。     

The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in fluoropolymer raw materials and products made in China

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts, and related compounds were listed as new persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention in 2019. In this study, the occurrence of residues of PFOA and other per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in raw materials and fluoropolymer products from the Chinese fluoropolymer industries are reported for the first time. The PFOA concentrations in raw materials and fluoropolymer products were in the range of 6.7 to 1.1 × 10⁶ ng/g, and <MDL (method detection limit) to 5.3 × 10³ ng/g, respectively. Generally, the levels of PFOA in raw materials were higher than in products, implying that PFOA in the emulsion/dispersion resin could be partly removed during the polymerization or post-processing steps. By tracking a company's polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) production line, it was found that over a 5 year period, the residual levels of PFOA in emulsion samples declined from 1.1 × 10⁶ to 28.4 ng/g, indicating that the contamination of PFOA in fluoropolymer products from production source gradually decreased after its use had been discontinued. High concentrations of HFPO-TrA (2.7 × 10⁵ to 8.2 × 10⁵ ng/g) were detected in some emulsion samples indicating this alternative has been widely applied in fluoropolymer manufacturing in China.     

The potential risk assessment for different arsenic species in the aquatic environment

The different toxicity characteristics of arsenic species result in discrepant ecological risk.The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) 43.65, 250.18, and 2.00 × 103μg/L were calculated for As(III), As(V), and dimethylarsinic acid in aqueous phase, respectively. With these PNECs, the ecological risk from arsenic species in Pearl River Delta in China and Kwabrafo stream in Ghana was evaluated. It was found that the risk from As(III) and As(V)in the samples from Pearl River Delta was low, while much high in Kwabrafo stream. This study implies that ecological risk of arsenic should be evaluated basing on its species.     

墨西哥世界水盛会

总体概况 墨西哥当地时间3月22日下午2点15分,第四届世界水论坛在完成了各项议程后,在首都墨西哥城圆满落幕.本届论坛自3月16日正式开幕后,举行了一系列活动,如水论坛部长级会议于3月21日上午开幕.