节能型虹吸式滗水器的设计与应用

详细介绍了虹吸式滗水器的构成、特点及工作原理,结合理论和实践经验给出了虹吸式滗水器的设计、计算方法及关键设计参数,提出了常规使用方法,整套设备的设计全面而简单明了。     

大肠杆菌IscA膜表面表达菌株在吸附水体重金属中的应用

为构建一种能够高效、同时吸附水中多种重金属离子的大肠杆菌,利用融合蛋白表达技术,首先将大肠杆菌前脂蛋白信号肽Lpp、膜蛋白OmpA的N端部分氨基酸和铁硫簇组装蛋白IscA的编码基因序列进行融合,构建pET-Lpp-OmpA-IscA表达载体,将此载体导入大肠杆菌BL21菌株.在IPTG诱导下,IscA蛋白可表达于细胞膜表面.然后对IscA膜表面表达菌株对重金属的吸附能力进行评估,包括测定最大吸附容量、绘制吸附浓度依赖曲线和时间依赖曲线,以及对菌株清除工业污水中重金属的性能进行初步探索.研究结果表明,与本底对照菌株相比,IscA蛋白在细胞膜表面表达能够使菌株对水中的Cu~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、As~(3+)、Co~(2+)、Hg~(2+)这7种重金属的吸附能力提高2～5倍不等,并且在pH为6～8范围内保持其吸附能力基本不变.此菌株能够在30 min内将各种重金属溶液中超标5倍的金属含量降低至最大允许排放浓度以下,并且对吸附的重金属具有不同程度的回收能力和菌株再生能力.此外,该菌株能够同时吸附工业污水中的多种重金属,有效降低各种重金属含量.因此,利用膜表面表达技术对大肠杆菌进行改造,成功提高了大肠杆菌对多种重金属的吸附能力,为利用微生物治理环境重金属污染提供了良好的应用前景.     

Characteristics of volatile organic compounds, NO2, and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu

Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone (O₃) mixing ratio. Observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO₂ and O₃ with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O₃ levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO₂, and O₃ were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions, Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O₃ formation. Part of the O₃ in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 20.20?ppbv and 47.95?ppbv, respectively. In non-O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 16.38?ppbv and 35.15?ppbv, respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 40.29?ppbv in non-O₃ episodes, which was lower than that in O₃ episodes (53.19?ppbv). Alkenes comprised 51.7% of the total O₃ formation potential (OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O₃ episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone (MEK), and Methylvinylketone (MVK) were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein (MACR) during O₃ episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

Enhanced nitrate reduction in water by a combined bio-electrochemical system of microbial fuel cells and submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum

High nitrate(NO_3~-)loading in water bodies is a crucial factor inducing the eutrophication of lakes.We tried to enhance NO_3~-reduction in overlying water by coupling sediment microbial fuel cells(SMFCs)with submerged aquatic plant Ceratophyllum demersum.A comparative study was conducted by setting four treatments:open-circuit SMFC(Control),closed-circuit SMFC(SMFC-c),open-circuit SMFC with C.demersum(Plant),and closed-circuit SMFC with C.demersum(P-SMFC-c).The electrochemical parameters were documented to illustrate the bio-electrochemical characteristics of SMFC-c and P-SMFC-c.Removal pathways of NO_3~- in different treatments were studied by adding quantitative~(15)NO_3~- to water column.The results showed that the cathodic reaction in SMFC-c was mainly catalyzed by aerobic organisms attached on the cathode,including algae,Pseudomonas,Bacillus,and Albidiferax.The oxygen secreted by plants significantly improved the power generation of SMFC-c.Both electrogenesis and plants enhanced the complete removal of NO_3~- from the sediment–water system.The complete removal rates of added~(15)N increased by 17.6% and 10.2% for SMFC-c and plant,respectively,when compared with control at the end of experiment.The electrochemical/heterotrophic and aerobic denitrification on cathodes mainly drove the higher reduction of NO_3~- in SMFC-c and plant,respectively.The coexistence of electrogenesis and plants further increased the complete removal of NO_3~- with a rate of 23.1%.The heterotrophic and aerobic denitrifications were simultaneously promoted with a highest abundance of Flavobacterium,Bacillus,Geobacter,Pseudomonas,Rhodobacter,and Arenimonas on the cathode.     

Efficient adsorption of Mn(Ⅱ) by layered double hydroxides intercalated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and the mechanistic study

In this study, greatly enhanced Mn(II) adsorption was achieved by as-synthesized diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid intercalated Mg/Al layered double hydroxides(LDHsDTPA). The adsorption capacity of LDHs-DTPA was 83.5 mg/g, which is much higher than that of LDHs-EDTA(44.4 mg/g), LDHs-Oxalate(21.6 mg/g) and LDHs(28.8 mg/g). The adsorption data of aqueous Mn(II) using LDHs-DTPA could be well described by the pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics study results also showed that the adsorption process of Mn(II) by LDHs-DTPA was exothermic as indicated by the negative ΔH value. Furthermore, based on the structural, morphological and thermostable features, as well as FT-IR and XPS characterizations of LDHs-DTPA and the pristine LDHs, the adsorption mechanism of Mn(II) was proposed. The carboxyl groups of DTPA were proposed to be the main binding sites for Mn(II), and the hydroxyl groups of LDHs also played a minor role in the adsorption process. Among the three common regeneration reagents, 0.1 mol/L Na_2CO_3 was the best for reusing LDHs-DTPA in Mn(II)adsorption. Besides, the Mn(II) adsorption performance could be hindered in the presence of typical inorganic ions, especially cations. Further specific modifications of LDHs-DTPA are suggested to get more selective adsorption of Mn(II) in practical applications.     

北京怀柔O3污染过程初始VOCs浓度特征及来源分析

为了解北京怀柔区夏季典型O₃污染过程中初始VOCs（挥发性有机物）浓度（以φ计）的特征,识别其关键物种及主要来源,于2016年8月3-11日在中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区教学楼顶开展强化观测,利用光化学物种比值法和连续反应模型法测算观测期间大气初始φ（VOCs）,采用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法估算初始VOCs的OFP（O₃生成潜势）,识别关键物种,并应用PMF（正交矩阵因子）模型对初始VOCs的来源进行解析.结果表明:北京怀柔区O₃污染过程中初始φ（VOCs）平均值为25.27×10-9,如忽略化学损失,φ（VOCs）将被低估约18.6%.初始VOCs的总OFP值为144.6×10-9,VOCs物种对总OFP贡献率的顺序依次为醛酮类>烯烃>芳香烃>烷烃,异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,2,4-三甲苯、丁酮、1,3,5-三甲苯是怀柔区O₃形成的关键活性物种.PMF解析结果显示,机动车尾气源对初始φ（VOCs）的贡献率（23.5%）最高,其次是溶剂使用源（18.3%）、植物排放源（18.1%）、工业过程源（17.6%）、生物质燃烧源（12.1%）和煤炭燃烧源（10.5%）.研究显示,在北京怀柔区典型O₃污染过程中,减少机动车尾气源、溶剂使用源、上风向工业过程源的排放是控制怀柔区VOCs的有效措施,而控制异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯等关键活性物种则是有效抑制VOCs排放对O₃生成贡献的重要手段.      

兰州市典型企业VOCs排放特征及反应活性分析

基于兰州市大气VOCs排放清单,选取石化厂、乙烯厂、涂料厂3个典型企业采集VOCs样品,分析其无组织排放特征,并采用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法和LOH（·OH反应速率）法综合评价其化学反应活性,识别各企业的VOCs活性优势物种,同时探究不同企业特征VOCs比值.结果表明:不同排放源φ（VOCs）差异较大,范围为20.8×10-9~6 520.3×10-9.从VOCs物种构成上来看,涂料厂芳香烃占比最高,而石化厂、乙烯厂均以烷烃物种最为丰富,石化厂不同工艺VOCs物种构成略有差异.从活性上看,涂料厂VOCs活性最高,其LOH和OFP（臭氧生成潜势）分别为2 676.9 s-1和72 519.0×10-9,约为其他行业的18~1 000倍,间/对-二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯等物种活性较大;其次为石化厂,其LOH和OFP分别为273.2 s-1和4 039.1×10-9,正戊烷、异戊烷、乙烯、丙烯等物种活性贡献率高,其中柴油工艺对石化厂VOCs活性贡献率最大;乙烯厂的OFP最低,其LOH和OFP分别为4.6 s-1和69.7×10-9,其VOCs活性主要来自乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯等烯烃物种.各工业源BTEX（苯、甲苯、乙苯及3种二甲苯异构体的合称）分布具有一定的差异,对于指示不同VOCs来源有一定的参考价值,但不同源比值的重叠性也表明并非全部VOCs来源可以通过特征物种比值来区分.研究显示,控制工业源特别是涂料与石化工业VOCs的排放有助于控制兰州市O₃的生成.      

微生物-生物促生剂协同修复河道底泥——促生剂投量对修复效果的影响

采用5个110L的模拟河道反应器,在投加菌剂的基础上（底泥稳定后向底泥和水中分别注射浓度为0.09%和0.03%的菌剂）,生物促生剂投量分别设计为0.08,0.09,0.10和0.11g/L,单独投加菌剂组作为空白实验.通过为期四十余天的实验研究微生物与促生剂协同作用时的修复效果.结果表明,促生剂投量为0.10g/L时,上覆水COD去除率69%高于其余各组;各协同修复组上覆水中NO₃^--N基本无积累,且促生剂投量为0.11g/L时NO₃^--N去除率最高,可达96%;40d内各组底泥TOC,TN含量变化不显著,延长反应时间至84d,各协同修复组底泥TOC,TN去除率均有明显提升.各协同修复组脲酶活性均波动下降,蛋白酶活性在15d左右时达到峰值,增幅可达106%~237%.通过高通量测序技术发现,43d时Desulfuromonas,Pseudomonas,Treponema_2,Blvii28_wastewater-sludge_group等主要功能菌群的相对丰度与空白实验组相比均增加,且促生剂投量为0.10g/L可使微生物群落向更适宜降解去除氮素及有机质的方向演替,有效改善底泥环境.协同修复对底泥,上覆水水质及微生物群落有良好改善效果,且促生剂投量为0.1g/L时整体修复情况更为理想.     

光电催化氧化处理中各类活性物质的氧化机理

为了深入研究其中各类活性物质氧化机理,以难降解的3,4-二甲基苯胺（3,4-DMA）废水作为研究对象,通过研究不同抑制剂条件下的动力学规律,并以贡献度（k_f/K）来量化各活性物质的作用效果,得出氯类活性物质的贡献度为89.03%,羟基自由基（·OH）的贡献度为6.24%,而空穴和阳极直接氧化贡献度可以忽略.采用三聚氰胺法、二甲亚砜（DMSO）法和DPD法定性定量测定了空穴、·OH和自由氯的含量,结果表明：较高浓度的氯化钠降低了空穴和·OH的贡献度;·OH的产量符合零级动力学规律,其产生速率为0.106mg/（L·min）;自由氯的累积浓度分为3个阶段,第3阶段累积速率为0.159mg/（L·min）.自由氯仅占氯类活性物质氧化体系的一小部分,其他含氯氧化物质和氯类自由基的氧化占重要地位.通过GC-MS、UV-vis和TOC检测,发现在反应10.0min前,主要通过氯类活性物质对侧链的快速攻击,使3,4-DMA转化为苯甲醛等易分解的苯环类物质;10.0min后,主要通过·OH对苯环大π键的攻击,使苯环类物质转化为小分子物质,然后继续被·OH氧化直到矿化.