Deterioration of water quality of Surma river

Surma River is polluted day by day by human activities, poor structured sewerage and drainage system, discharging industrial and household wastes. The charas (natural channels) are responsible for surface runoff conveyance from its urban catchments to the receiving Surma River. Water samples have been collected from a part of Surma River along different points and analyzed for various water quality parameters during dry and monsoon periods. Effects of industrial wastes, municipal sewage, and agricultural runoff on river water quality have been investigated. The study was conducted within the Chattak to Sunamganj portion of Surma River, which is significant due to the presence of two major industries – a paper mill and a cement factory. The other significant feature is the conveyors that travel from India to Chattak. The river was found to be highly turbid in the monsoon season. But BOD and fecal coliform concentration was found higher in the dry season. The water was found slightly acidic. The mean values of parameters were Conductivity 84–805 μs; DO: dry-5.52 mg/l, monsoon-5.72 mg/l; BOD: dry-1mg/l, monsoon-0.878 mg/l; Total Solid: dry-149.4 mg/l, monsoon-145.7 mg/l. In this study, an effort has been taken to investigate the status of concentration of phosphate (PO⁻⁴) and ammonia–nitrogen (NH₄–N) at four entrance points of Malnichara to the city, Guali chara, Gaviar khal and Bolramer khal. Data has been collected from March–April and September–October of 2004. Concentrations have been measured using UV Spectrophotometer. Although the phosphate concentration has been found within the limit set by DOE for fishing, irrigation and recreational purposes, however ammonia–nitrogen has been found to exceed the limit.     

Epiphytic lichens as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution in Slovenian forests

Two country-wide surveys using epiphytic lichens as biomonitors of atmospheric pollution carried out during 2000 and 2001 in Slovenia were compared with surveys in 1991 and 1992. In the first survey, epiphytic lichen cover was studied in more than 500 plots of the 4 x 4 km national grid carried out within the framework of forest decline inventories. In the second survey, the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., was collected on a 16 x 16 km bioindication grid and analysed for S, N, As, Br, Ce, Cd, Cr, K, La, Mo, Rb, Sb, Th, U and Zn contents. Only 'forested area' sampling points were included in the present study. Lichen cover was low, with about 70% of plots with less than 10% foliose lichen cover. No relationship was found between Hypogymnia trace element, N and S concentrations and foliose epiphytic lichen cover.     

Recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW)--a novel method of recycling greywater for irrigation in small communities and households

The use of greywater for irrigation is becoming increasingly common. However, raw greywater is often contaminated and can cause environmental harm and pose health risks. Nevertheless, it is often used without any significant pretreatment, a practice mistakenly considered safe. The aim of this study was to develop an economically sound, low-tech and easily maintainable treatment system that would allow safe and sustainable use of greywater for landscape irrigation in small communities and households. The system is based on a combination of vertical flow constructed wetland with water recycling and trickling filter, and is termed recycled vertical flow constructed wetland (RVFCW). The RVFCW's properties, removal efficiency, hydraulic parameters and feasibility were studied, as well as the environmental effects of the treated greywater, as reflected by soil and plant parameters over time. The RVFCW was efficient at removing virtually all of the suspended solids and biological oxygen demand, and about 80% of the chemical oxygen demand after 8h. Fecal coliforms dropped by three to four orders of magnitude from their initial concentration after 8h, but this was not always enough to meet current regulations for unlimited irrigation. The treated greywater had no significant negative impact on plants or soil during the study period. The feasibility analysis indicated a return over investment after approximately three years. We concluded that the RVFCW is a sustainable and promising treatment system for greywater use that can be run and maintained by unskilled operators.     

施加电压对铬污染土壤电动修复的影响

试验研究了不同电压条件下电动修复去除效率和单位能耗随施加电压的变化关系,探讨了电动修复经济有效的电压范围.试验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制高岭土中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量分数为100 mg/kg和500 mg/kg,含水量为50%,试验运行48 h,用乙酸控制阴极pH在4～7之间,施加一系列不同直流电压.试验结果表明,随着施加电压升高,去除效率增大,电压升高到1 V/cm时,去除效率显著升高,2种试验土壤去除效率分别为76.7%和89.8%;同时随着施加电压增加,电能消耗显著增加,与电压呈现线性递增和幂指数递增关系;综合去除效率和单位能耗2种因素,对于试验所研究的土壤,1～1.5 V/cm的电压是较为经济有效的.     

碱性催化剂对农业废物液化产生生物油和气体的影响

采用热化学处理法对农业废物玉米秸秆和苹果渣进行处理,3种碱性物质Na2CO3、K2CO3和KOH作为催化剂,都能不同程度提高液化生物油收率、减少固体残渣收率.但碱性催化剂会降低气体收率,因而不适合作为以获得气体产物为目的的生物质气化试验的催化剂.就增加液化生物油收率方面而言,Na2CO3的催化效果最好,KOH催化效果次之,K2CO3的催化效果最差.     

除草剂阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的联合毒性研究

以除草剂阿特拉津和丁草胺为供试毒物,研究了它们对麦穗鱼的单一及联合毒性.结果表明,阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的96 h半致死浓度(LC50 )分别为41.64、0.33 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为4.164、0.033 mg/L.因此,阿特拉津对鱼类是一种低毒除草剂,丁草胺则对鱼类具有较高的毒性.在阿特拉津与丁草胺的联合毒性试验中,24、48、96 h的相加指数分别为0.056、 0.053 、0.084,表明阿特拉津与丁草胺对麦穗鱼的联合毒性存在协同效应.     

Development of a Test System for Assessing the Toxicity of Multicomponent Wastes Stored in the Natural Environment

A biological test system is proposed for assessing the toxicity of multicomponent wastes stored in the natural environment, with sewage sludge being used as an example. The principles of creating a test system and ranking the samples of multicomponent masses with respect to environmental hazard are discussed.     

Distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and estimation of nutrient fluxes in the water and sediments of Liangzi Lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Water samples and sediments from Liangzi Lake were taken and used to study the vertical distribution characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus...