Transformation and adsorption of Fenamiphos, f. sulfoxide and f. sulfone in molokai soil and simulated movement with irrigation

The ban of commonly used soil fumigants, DBCP and EDB, for control of nematodes in pineapple fields has prompted investigations into a non-fumigant nematicide, fenamiphos (Nemacur^®). The transformation and adsorption in soil of fenamiphos and its transformation products, f. sulfoxide and f. sulfone were studied in the laboratory. Fenamiphos adsorption on soil exceeded that of f. sulfoxide and f. sulfone. F. sulfoxide, however, was the most persistent. A one-dimensional simulation model was used to assess the impact of transformation and adsorption on the mobility and distribution of fenamiphos and f. sulfoxide in soil. Simulated results showed that fenamiphos stayed in the topsoil and transformed rapidly to f. sulfoxide. Because of the persistence and mobility of f. sulfoxide, this metabolite leached rapidly and significant amounts remained in the soil. This suggests that for times exceeding three weeks, f. sulfoxide may be the dominant compound providing nematode control in drip-irrigated pineapple.     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the polyamine levels of field-grown soybean at three O3 regimes

Effects of increased ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) on polyamine levels were determined in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Clark) grown in open-top field chambers. The chamber treatments consisted of three O3 regimes equal to charcoal filtered (CF), non-filtered (NF), and non-filtered plus 40 nl litre(-1) O3 and CO2 treatments equal to 350, 400 and 500 microl litre(-1) for a total of nine treatments. Leaf samples were taken at three different times during the growing season. Examination of growth and physiological characteristics, such as photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, and shoot weight, revealed that increasing CO2 ameliorated the deleterious effects of increased O3. Results from the initial harvest, at the pre-flowering growth stage (23 days of treatment), showed that increasing O3 at ambient CO2 caused increases in putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) of up to six-fold. These effects were lessened with increased CO2. Elevated CO2 increased polyamines in plants treated with CF air, but had no effect in the presence of ambient or enhanced O3 levels. Leaves harvested during peak flowering (37 days of treatment) showed O3-induced increases in Put and Spd at ambient CO2 concentrations. However, increased CO2 levels inhibited this response by blocking the O3-induced polyamine increase. Leaves harvested during the pod fill stage (57 days of treatment) showed no significant O3 or CO2 effects on polyamine levels. Our results demonstrate that current ambient O3 levels induce the accumulation of Put and Spd early in the growing season and that further increases in O3 could result in even greater polyamine increases. These results are consistent with a possible antiozonant function for polyamines. The ability of increased CO2 to protect soybeans from O3 damage, however, does not appear to involve polyamine accumulation.     

Culturability and concentration of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi in six single-family homes

In this study, the culturability of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi was determined through long-term sampling (24-h) using a Button Personal Inhalable Aerosol Sampler. The air samples were collected during three seasons in six Cincinnati area homes that were free from moisture damage or visible mold. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. The geometric means of indoor and outdoor culturable fungal concentrations were 88 and 102 colony-forming units (CFU) m(-3), respectively, with a geometric mean of the I/O ratio equal to 0.66. Overall, 26 genera of culturable fungi were recovered from the indoor and outdoor samples. For total fungal spores, the indoor and outdoor geometric means were 211 and 605 spores m(-3), respectively, with a geometric mean of I/O ratio equal to 0.32. The identification revealed 37 fungal genera from indoor and outdoor samples based on the total spore analysis. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of culturable and total fungal spores showed significant correlations (r = 0.655, p<0.0001 and r = 0.633, p<0.0001, respectively). The indoor and outdoor median viabilities of fungi were 55% and 25%, respectively, which indicates that indoor environment provides more favorable survival conditions for the aerosolized fungi. Among the seasons, the highest indoor and outdoor culturability of fungi was observed in the fall. Cladosporium had a highest median value of culturability (38% and 33% for indoor and outdoor, respectively) followed by Aspergillus/Penicillium (9% and 2%) among predominant genera of fungi. Increased culturability of fungi inside the homes may have important implications because of the potential increase in the release of allergens from viable spores and pathogenicity of viable fungi on immunocompromised individuals.     

Characterization of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta—Seasonal variations at urban,suburban, and rural ambient air monitoring sites

Twenty-eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and methylated PAHs (Me-PAH) were measured in daily PM_2.5 samples collected at an urban site, a suburban site, and a rural site in and near Atlanta during 2004 (5 samples/month/site). The suburban site, located near a major highway, had higher PM_2.5-bound PAH concentrations than did the urban site, and the rural site had the lowest PAH levels. Monthly variations are described for concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAHs) and individual PAHs. PAH concentrations were much higher in cold months than in warm months, with average monthly ∑PAH concentrations at the urban and suburban-highway monitoring sites ranging from 2.12 to 6.85 ng m^?3 during January–February and November–December 2004, compared to 0.38–0.98 ng m^?3 during May–September 2004. ∑PAH concentrations were found to be well correlated with PM_2.5 and organic carbon (OC) within seasons, and the fractions of PAHs in PM_2.5 and OC were higher in winter than in summer. Methyl phenanthrenes were present at higher levels than their un-substituted homologue (phenanthrene), suggesting a petrogenic (unburned petroleum products) input. Retene, a proposed tracer for biomass burning, peaked in March, the month with the highest acreage and frequency of prescribed burning and unplanned fires, and in December, during the high residential wood-burning season, indicating that retene might be a good marker for burning of all biomass materials. In contrast, potassium peaked only in December, indicating that it might be a more specific tracer for wood-burning.     

Analysis of regional and temporal characteristics of PM10 during an Asian dust episode in Korea

This study analyzes the regional and temporal distributions of PM10 concentrations observed in major metropolitan cities in Korea before, during and after a recent Asian dust episode in 2002. There were spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations among the mid-western, the southwestern, the southeastern, and the southern parts of Korea during this Asian dust period due to the different air mass movement time and the different wind directions and speeds of prevailing winds in each city or region. The origins of the three-day Asian dust episode were identified by an analysis of two-day backward isentropic air trajectories. The different origins for each day also significantly contributed to the spatial and temporal variations in PM10 concentrations. A significant relationship was found between PM10 concentrations on the day preceding the first peak day and the first peak day of the Asian dust period but only in the mid-western areas. The concentrations of PM10 just after the Asian dust episode were much higher than those just before. There was a significant increase in a coarse fraction, having soil origins, of particles during the Asian dust episode. Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr extracted from the total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in 7 cities during the Asian dust episode were much higher when compared with other days in 2001. However, the Asian dust did not consistently increase the concentrations of lead, cadmium and copper as they are influenced by local sources such as local traffic or industrial emissions.     

Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during vitrification of incinerator ash in a coke bed furnace

Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the vitrification of fly ash and bottom ash from the municipal waste incinerator in a coke bed furnace was investigated. In this system, both coke and lime were added to enhance the melting reaction. The major PAH sources in this system were ash and coke, which respectively contributed 97% and 3% of PAHs in the input-mass. During vitrification process, low molecular PAHs (LM-PAH, 2-3-ring), median molecular PAHs (MM-PAH, 4-ring) and high molecular PAHs (HM-PAH, 5-7-ring) mass respectively accounted for >99%, >99% and 84% of the output-mass emitted as the stack flue gas; while those discharged from the slag were <1%, <1% and 16%, respectively. The O/I (output-mass/input-mass) ratio of LM-, MM- and HM-PAHs were 0.063, 0.002 and <0.001, respectively. The high distribution in flue gas and O/I ratio of LM-PAHs is reasonable since they are more easily evaporated, hence difficult to be removed by air pollution control devices. On the contrary, the HM-PAHs, having lower vapor pressure, primarily stays mainly in slag. Based on the 21 total PAH content in feeding ash and slag, the reduction efficiency of the coke bed furnace was >99.9%. To minimize the risk of secondary pollution, the efficiency of coke bed furnace should be improved to reduce the PAH emission into ambient air.     

Selective leaching of valuable metals from waste printed circuit boards

This study was carried out to recover valuable metals from the printed circuit boards (PCBs) of waste computers. PCB samples were crushed to smaller than 1 mm by a shredder and initially separated into 30% conducting and 70% nonconducting materials by an electrostatic separator. The conducting materials, which contained the valuable metals, were then used as the feed material for magnetic separation, where it was found that 42% of the conducting materials were magnetic and 58% were nonmagnetic. Leaching of the nonmagnetic component using 2 M H2SO4 and 0.2 M H2O2 at 85 degrees C for 12 hr resulted in greater than 95% extraction of Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Al. Au and Ag were extracted at 40 degrees C with a leaching solution of 0.2 M (NH4)2S2O3, 0.02 M CuSO4, and 0.4 M NH4OH, which resulted in recovery of more than 95% of the Au within 48 hr and 100% of the Ag within 24 hr. The residues were next reacted with a 2 M NaCl solution to leach out Pb, which took place within 2 hr at room temperature.     

Plant uptake and translocation of air-borne chlordane and comparison with the soil-to-plant route

In order to assess fully the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on human health, pollutant exchange at the interface between terrestrial plants, in particular food crops, and other environmental compartments must be thoroughly understood. In this regard, transfers of multicomponent and chiral pollutants are particularly informative. In the present study, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) was planted in containerized, uncontaminated soil under both greenhouse and field conditions and exposed to air-borne chlordane contamination at 14.0 and 0.20 ng/m(3) (average, greenhouses), and 2.2 ng/m(3) (average, field). Chiral gas chromatography interfaced to an ion trap mass spectrometer was used to determine the chiral (trans-chlordane, TC, and cis-chlordane, CC) and achiral (trans-nonachlor, TN) chlordane components in vegetation, air, and soil compartments. The chlordane components of interest were detected in all vegetation tissues examined--root, stem, leaves, and fruits. When compared with the data from a soil-to-plant uptake study, the compositional profile of the chlordane components, i.e. the component fractions of TC, CC, and TN, in plant tissues, showed significantly different patterns between the air-to-plant and soil-to-plant pathways. Changes in the enantiomer fractions of TC and CC in plant tissues relative to the source, i.e. air or soil, although observed, were not markedly different between the two routes. This report provides the first comprehensive comparison between two distinct plant uptake routes for POPs and their subsequent translocation within plant tissues.     

Comparative study of H(2)O(2) and O3 effects on radiation treatment of TCE and PCE

The effects of H(2)O(2) and O(3) on the decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) by gamma-rays (gamma-rays) were investigated in this work. The combined gamma-rays/O(3) process showed a synergistic effect and enhanced the removal of TCE and PCE compared with gamma-rays alone, but, the gamma-rays/H(2)O(2) process did not increase the removal. This interesting result was successfully identified by an electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy/spin-trapping method that can quantify hydroxyl radicals, which is directly related to the efficiency of TCE and PCE decomposition. For gamma-rays/H(2)O(2) system, there was no difference of hydroxyl radical production between gamma-rays alone and gamma-rays/H(2)O(2). This indicates gamma-rays cannot activate H(2)O(2) to produce hydroxyl radicals and this causes no increase of TCE and PCE removals. To the contrary, the production of hydroxyl radicals was obviously increased in the case of gamma-rays/O(3) process. This suggests additional hydroxyl radicals are produced from the reaction of O(3) with the irradiation products of water such as hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms, etc. and this accelerates the removal of TCE and PCE.     

Investigation of adsorption characteristics of four toxic gases (nitric oxide,nitrogen dioxide,sulfur dioxide,and hydrogen chloride) on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders and aluminum cylinders

To develop standard toxic gas mixtures, it is essential to identify adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas on the inner surface of a gas cylinder. Thus, this study quantified adsorbed amounts of the four toxic gases (nitric oxide [NO], nitrogen dioxide [NO₂], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], and hydrogen chloride [HCl]) on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders and nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. After eluting adsorbed gases on the inside of cylinders with ultrapure water, a quantitative analysis was performed on an ion chromatograph. To evaluate the reaction characteristics of the toxic gases with cylinder materials, quantitative analyses of nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) were also performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). It was found that the amounts of NO, NO₂, and SO₂ adsorbed on the inner surface of aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas the signal for most heavy metal elements were below their respective detection limits. This study found that the amounts of HCl adsorbed on the inner surface of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas Ni (86 μmol) and Fe (28 μmol) were detected in the same cylinders. It was revealed that the adsorption mainly took place via the reaction of HCl with inner surface material of nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders. On the other hand, in the case of aluminum cylinders, the amounts of the adsorption were determined to be less than 1% at the level of HCl 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas most of Ni, Fe, and Al were detected at levels similar to their limits of detection. As a result, this study found that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures than nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders.

Implications: To develop a standard toxic gas mixture, it is essential to understand the adsorption characteristics of each toxic gas inside a gas cylinder. It was found that the amounts of NO, NO₂, and SO₂ adsorbed inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1.0% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio. The amounts of HCl adsorbed inside nickel-coated manganese steel cylinders were less than 5% at the level of 100 μmol/mol mixing ratio, whereas those inside aluminum cylinders were less than 1%, indicating that aluminum cylinders are more suitable for preparing HCl gas mixtures.