Acute and chronic toxicity of organophosphate monocrotophos to Daphnia magna

The acute and chronic toxicity of monocrotophos (MCP), the binary joint toxicity of MCP and bifenthrin (BF), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to Daphnia magna (D. magna) was evaluated. The 24 h-median effective concentration (24 h-EC₅₀) and 48 h-median lethal concentration (48 h-LC₅₀) of MCP towards D. magna were 161 and 388 μ g/L, respectively. In addition, the lowest-observed effective concentration (LOEC) and non-observed effective concentration (NOEC) of MCP to D. magna were 10 and 5 μ g/L, respectively. Furthermore, the chronic value (ChV) of MCP against D. magna was 7 μ g/L and the acute chronic ratio (ACR) was 55. The number of offspring per female and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were identified as the parameters that were most sensitive to MCP. In addition, toxic unit (TU) analysis was employed to evaluate the joint toxicities. The calculated TU_mix values of binary equitoxic mixtures of MCP + BF and MCP + SDBS were 1.47 and 1.63, respectively, which suggests that both equitoxic mixtures exert a limited antagonistic effect. The results of this study revealed that the toxic threshold of MCP towards D. magna is higher than its reported highest residue (4 μ g/L) in the ordinary aquatic environment, and that concurrent exposure to BF or SDBS may exert a slight antagonistic effect.     

Gas-phase and semivolatile organic emissions from a modern nonroad diesel engine equipped with advanced aftertreatment

ABSTRACT

U.S. Tier 4 Final and Euro Stage IV and V regulations for nonroad compression-ignition engines have led to the development of exhaust aftertreatment technologies optimized for nonroad engines and duty cycles. In this study, several aftertreatment configurations consisting of state-of-the-art diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs), diesel particulate filters (DPFs), copper (Cu) zeolite– and vanadium-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts, and ammonia oxidation (AMOX) catalysts are evaluated using both nonroad transient (NRTC) and steady (8-mode NRSC) cycles in order to understand both component- and system-level effects of diesel aftertreatment on gas-phase, semivolatile, and particle-phase and particle-bound unregulated organic emissions. Organic emissions reported in this work include total hydrocarbon (THC), n-alkanes, branched alkanes, saturated cycloalkanes, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, hopanes, steranes, and soluble organic fraction (SOF). Brake-specific emissions are reported for four configurations, including engine-out, DOC+CuZ-SCR+AMOX, V-SCR+AMOX, and DOC+DPF+CuZ-SCR+AMOX, and conversion of engine-out emissions is reported for the three aftertreatment configurations. Mechanisms responsible for the reduction of organic species are discussed in detail. This summary of emissions from a current nonroad diesel engine equipped with advanced aftertreatment can be used to more accurately model the impact of anthropogenic emissions on the atmosphere with tools such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2014a) model.

Implications: Anthropogenic emissions are a source of significant human health and environmental risk. This study, focused on the treatment of exhaust emissions from a modern nonroad diesel engine with a variety of aftertreatment configurations, examines the impact that human industrial activity can have on air pollution. In particular, we focus on the remediation of gas-phase and semivolatile organic emissions by emission reduction technologies. This detailed summary of emissions from a current nonroad diesel engine equipped with advanced aftertreatment can be used to more accurately model the impact of anthropogenic emissions on the atmosphere with tools such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s MOVES2014a model.     

可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性影响因素灰色关联分析

为降低可旋转径向式微粒捕集器中的排气噪声,采用有限元法建立可旋转径向式微粒捕集器声学特性模型,分析得到了其消声特性和传递损失曲线,并采用灰色关联分析方法研究可旋转径向式微粒捕集器结构参数对消声特性的影响程度。结果表明,可旋转径向式微粒捕集器具有降噪能力,且对高频噪声消声效果明显好于低频噪声,平均消声量为20 dB左右;直径比和扩张管锥角是影响可旋转径向式微粒捕集器消声特性的2个主要因素,适当选用小的直径比和扩张管锥角,有利于提高可旋转径向式微粒捕集器的消声性能。     

高碱度水库水混凝过程中残留铝控制

针对高碱度水库水源的某水厂残留铝超标问题,选取碱化度(B)与Alb含量不同的3种铝盐絮凝剂,研究不同投量与pH值下混凝效果与残留铝浓度水平。结果表明,碱化度和Alb含量显著影响混凝效果。DOC和浊度的去除率随着3种絮凝剂AlCl3(B=0)、PACl-1(B=1.2)、PACl-2(B=2.2)投量增大而升高。3种絮凝剂投量在1.5～2.0 mg/L(以铝计)范围内,总铝和溶解铝含量最低。对于该水厂自制的絮凝剂PACl-2,可通过降低絮凝剂碱化度,或将水的pH值降低至7～7.5之间,以此可以提高PACl-2混凝效果,而且可以降低出厂水残留铝浓度。考虑工程应用可行性,可优先考虑调整絮凝剂生产工艺。     

光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物

研究了UV-TiO2光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化特征。结果表明:在适宜条件下,UV-TiO2光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液的色度、COD和DOC的去除率分别可达97%、72%和60%;紫外光谱分析说明渗滤液DOM中包括多种含有共轭双键、羰基的大分子有机物及多环芳香类化合物,不同光催化处理液中DOM具有基本一致的结构单元和官能团;红外光谱分析说明渗滤液DOM中含有大量包括羟基、羧基、氨基和苯环的芳香族化合物,在光催化处理液中这几种官能团都能被有效降解;GC/MS分析结果表明,渗滤液DOM中含有72种有机污染物,醇类、羧酸和酮类分别为25、14和12种;在光催化72 h处理液中,有机物减少为44种;酯类和醇类较多,分别为12种和16种;酮类8种,羧酸没有检出。     

机械清洗法对MBR膜泥饼层的影响

膜污染是制约MBR发展的瓶颈。考察投加ABS颗粒对MBR膜组件上膜泥饼层的影响,并设对照实验。结果表明,对照MBR膜通量下降速度快,膜污染严重,膜表面上累积厚厚的泥饼层,而在ABS MBR中膜通量下降速度则缓慢的多,且膜上泥饼层积累量则明显少于对照MBR;曝气量越大,颗粒运行的速度也越快,泥饼层被撞落量也越多;颗粒以碰撞角度为45°冲刷膜的情况下,泥饼层掉落效果明显增加;泥饼层包裹的膜丝根数越多,泥饼层的静摩擦力和保持泥饼层不被破坏的力也越大,泥饼层就越难被冲刷掉。SEM照片显示,ABS MBR的膜孔堵塞要严重于对照MBR,表面的褶皱要较对照MBR多。     

多孔性Mn3O4的制备及其对水中镉的吸附

采用硫酸锰水解-氧化两步法制备了多孔性四氧化三锰,以X射线衍射、扫描电镜和氮吸附比表面仪对其进行了表征,研究了该多孔性Mn3O4在不同的溶液pH值、吸附时间、投加量和温度下对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附行为,并测定了吸附过程的动力学和热力学参数。实验结果表明,该法合成的四氧化三锰属四方体心结构,一次晶粒尺寸为45.8 nm,颗粒间存在大量的孔洞,BET法比表面积为40.27 m2/g。在293 K,pH 5.5,吸附12 h时达到平衡,饱和吸附量为12.8 mg/g。该吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,其反应的吸附活化能为2.743 kJ/mol,吸附等温线较好地符合Langmuir等温方程,吸附焓变和熵变均为正值,自由能变为负值,说明该吸附过程为自发的吸热过程。     

高气速间歇式生物过滤去除高负荷H2S

采用生物过滤法,以鸡粪堆肥和PE混合物为填料,在高气速条件下间歇式处理高负荷H2S废气。空床停留时间为20、15、10、6.7和5 s时,入口浓度3 000 mg/m3下的平均去除率分别为100%、100%、96.5%、89.2%和90.5%。高气速EBRT为5 s时,高入口负荷2 147 g/(m3.h)时的去除负荷为2 023 g/(m3.h),去除率达94%。采用Michaelis-Ment-en模型进行生物降解宏观动力学研究,其中Ks为550 mg/m3,Vm为6.8×104g/(m3.d)。结果表明,在实验温度17～24℃,湿度30%～50%下,生物过滤法间歇式处理高气速高负荷H2S的去除性能好。     

动态污水处理过程的多模型动态矩阵控制

针对活性污泥法污水处理系统的强耦合和动态变化特性,提出一种用于前置反硝化脱氮工艺的多模型动态矩阵(DMC)解耦控制方法;通过K-均值聚类分析法对外界入水中氨氮浓度进行聚类,获得以聚类中心为入水氨氮浓度的静态模型集合,分别设计线性DMC解耦控制器;再以当前时刻外界进水氨氮浓度和聚类中心为基本元素,构造切换函数,实现多模型切换。将该方法应用于活性污泥1号模型(ASM1)中,获得了较好的动态仿真效果。