Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil-plant system amended with biogas slurry in Taihu basin,China

Biogas slurry is a product of anaerobic digestion of manure that has been widely used as a soil fertilizer. Although the use for soil fertilizer is a cost-effective solution, it has been found that repeated use of biogas slurry that contains high heavy metal contents can cause pollution to the soil-plant system and risk to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of biogas slurry on the soil-plant system and the human health. We analyzed the heavy metal concentrations (including As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Cd) in 106 soil samples and 58 plant samples in a farmland amended with biogas slurry in Taihu basin, China. Based on the test results, we assessed the potential human health risk when biogas slurry containing heavy metals was used as a soil fertilizer. The test results indicated that the Cd and Pb concentrations in soils exceeded the contamination limits and Cd exhibited the highest soil-to-root migration potential. Among the 11 plants analyzed, Kalimeris indica had the highest heavy metal absorption capacity. The leafy vegetables showed higher uptake of heavy metals than non-leafy vegetables. The non-carcinogenic risks mainly resulted from As, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn through plant ingestion exposure. The integrated carcinogenic risks were associated with Cr, As and Cd in which Cr showed the highest risk while Cd showed the lowest risk. Among all the heavy metals analyzed, As and Cd appeared to have a lifetime health threat, which thus should be attenuated during production of biogas slurry to mitigate the heavy metal contamination.     

The use of food waste-based diets and Napier grass to culture grass carp: growth performance and contaminants contained in cultured fish

The present study used commercial feeds, food waste feeds, Napier grass, and mixed feeds (food waste feed to Napier grass ratio, 1:10) to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). The results indicated that grass carp fed with food waste feeds and mix feeds achieved growth performance (based on specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio) that was similar to commercial feeds (p?>?0.05). Concentrations of metalloid/metals in food waste feeds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Napier grass were relatively higher than other types of fish feeds (p?<?0.05). However, most of the metalloid/metals and PAH levels in fish fed with four types of fish feeds were not significantly different (p?>?0.05). These findings show that food waste feeds are suitable for using in the production of fish feed and Napier grass can be served as supplemental feeds for grass carp, and hence reducing the production cost.     

低温季大型表流湿地对微污染水体脱氮效果及优化运行

低温季表流湿地脱氮效果下降是业内公认的难题,长期以来备受人们的关注,但针对大型表流湿地处理微污染水体的相应研究开展较少。综述了表流湿地脱氮机理及低温季限制因素,同时以盐龙湖工程的表流湿地单元为实例,分析了其在低温季对微污染水体中各形态氮素的净化效果,从优化湿地运行角度出发开展研究。结果表明,在低温季表流湿地进水的TN平均值为1.16~3.35 mg/L条件下,TN、NH3-N、硝态氮、Org-N的平均去除率为13%、35%、15%、-14%;显著影响表流湿地出水TN浓度的因素为湿地运行面积、进水负荷、温度以及进水浓度(p 湿地运行面积(负相关)> 进水负荷(负相关)> 温度(负相关)。显著影响表流湿地NH3-N出水浓度的因素为温度与进水浓度(p温度(负相关);当HRT从3-N的平均去除率分别由6%、26%提升到17%与41%。     

响应曲面法优化CO2活化制备夏威夷坚果壳基活性炭

采用CO2物理活化法将废弃的夏威夷坚果壳制备成高品质活性炭。实验研究测定了活化温度、活化时间、CO2流量等因素对活性炭的吸附性能和产率的影响。通过响应曲面法得到实验优化工艺条件:活化温度766℃、活化时间36 min、CO2流量186 mL/min,所制备的活性炭亚甲基蓝值和产率分别为186 mg/g,71.35%。衡量活性炭品质的关键性参数BET比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为1 267 m2/g,0.97 mL/g和4.13 nm。此外通过扫描电镜对比炭化料和活性炭分析发现,活性炭表面具有大量无规则孔隙。     

Toxicokinetics/toxicodynamics of arsenic for farmed juvenile milkfish Chanos chanos and human consumption risk in BFD-endemic area of Taiwan

This paper presents a toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic analysis to appraise arsenic (As) bioaccumulation in farmed juvenile milkfish Chanos chanos at blackfoot disease (BFD)-endemic area in Taiwan, whereas probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) models are also employed to assess the range of exposures for the fishers and non-fishers who eat the contaminated fish. We conducted a 7-day exposure experiment to obtain toxicokinetic parameters, whereas a simple critical body burden toxicity model was verified with LC50(t) data obtained from a 7-day acute toxicity bioassay. Acute toxicity bioassay indicates that 96-h LC50 for juvenile milkfish exposed to As is 7.29 (95% CI: 3.10-10.47) mg l(-1). Our risk analysis for milkfish reared in BFD-endemic area indicates a low likelihood that survival is being affected by waterborne As. Human risk analysis demonstrates that 90%-tile probability exposure ILCRs for fishers in BFD-endemic area have orders of magnitude of 10(-3), indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk, whereas there is no significant cancer risk for non-fishers (ILCRs around 10(-5)). All predicted 90%-tiles of HQ are less than 1 for non-fishers, yet larger than 10 for fishers which indicate larger contributions from farmed milkfish consumptions. Sensitivity analysis indicates that to increase the accuracy of the results, efforts should focus on a better definition of probability distributions for milkfish daily consumption rate and As level in milkfish. Here we show that theoretical human health risks for consuming As-contaminated milkfish in the BFD-endemic area are alarming under a conservative condition based on a probabilistic risk assessment model.     

芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害分布特征及其成因分析

选取芦山地震涉及的21个县（市、区）为研究对象,应用野外实地踏勘和遥感解译相结合的方法,结合当地国土、水利、建设等部门提供的相关统计资料,已查明芦山地震灾区782处次生山地灾害（滑坡、崩塌和泥石流）,获取了这些次生山地灾害的基础信息。在GIS信息技术的支持下,对芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害的发育环境背景、分布特征和成因进行了初步的探讨分析。研究表明：芦山地震灾区次生山地灾害主要集中分布在烈度为Ⅷ Ⅸ区、中低山区、坡度0°～40°、坡向为东西两向、第三系砂砾夹泥岩区、河流冲刷强烈和年降雨量＞1 200 mm的区域;发育成因主要是地形条件对次生山地灾害的形成的影响表现出与非地震条件下的新特征;地震效应重构了地表形态,为次生山地灾害发育提供了大量的松散固体物质;降水与河流冲刷作用的改变,影响边坡稳定性,为次生山地灾害提供动力;人类过度的社会经济活动加速了次生山地灾害的形成     

政府与排污企业间激励和监督优化模型研究

科学的监督和有效的管理是实现环境可持续发展的必由之路,政府与排污企业的博弈是一个值得关注的重要问题。论文在信息不对称情况下,建立了政府与排污企业间的纯激励模型和激励监督混合模型研究它们之间的博弈关系。结论认为政府通过一定的激励和监督手段可以规范排污企业的行为,并得出了政府采用最优策略的存在性条件,最后对机制设计中的控制参数的灵敏度以及模型的鲁棒性进行了探讨,对政府制定合理的激励监督措施可以提供理论参考依据。     

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

植物根系固土作用对崩岗稳定性影响的数值模拟

植物护坡是防治崩岗侵蚀的重要方法,为了研究根系固土作用对鄂东南通城县崩岗崩壁稳定性的影响,将根系简化为主直根型,通过室内试验得到崩壁各土层的力学参数,应用Abaqus程序构建造林崩壁稳定性分析模型(将崩壁坡面以直线近似替代),分别计算了主根系长度、种植间距、根系布置位置、主根入土方位、侧根分支角度、根系相对加固位置的变化对崩壁稳定安全系数的影响。模拟结果表明:在控制崩壁植物根系单变量变化的条件下,主根长度越大,崩壁的安全系数越大;安全系数与种植间距之间呈双折线负相关关系;安全系数随着侧根分支角度的增加先增大后减小;安全系数随着根系距坡趾距离的增加先递增后回落直至趋于稳定;只在坡面偏下部的局部范围内种植主根垂直坡面生长的植物时安全系数存在最优值。