电场强化博落回修复铀镉复合污染土壤机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了在0.3V/cm的外加直流电场作用下,博落回的生物量、富集铀（U）的性能和抗氧化酶活性,以及其根际土壤中有机酸含量、U和镉（Cd）的结合形态、植物根部U的价态、微生物群落结构的变化等.结果表明,施加直流电场后,博落回总生物量升高了15.33%~29.88%,其中电场+铀污染（DC+U）和电场+镉污染（DC+Cd）处理组的博落回对U和Cd的富集系数提高了90.84%和93.33%;土壤中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和乳酸含量分别增加了18.36%~45.31%、58.62%~503.22%、15.71%~118.99%、12.34%~123.27%和25.97%~36.05%;过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性分别提高了13.63%~34.82%和9.70%~28.64%;根际土壤中植物可利用态U、Cd所占比例显著增大;博落回根部的大部分U由稳定的U（IV）变成了更容易从地下部分向地上部分转移的U（VI）;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等细菌菌门和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等真菌菌门比例升高,这些微生物通过提高酶活性增强了博落回对U、Cd的耐受性和富集作用.     

微生物燃料电池技术对土壤中铅(Pb2+)的去除研究

为探讨微生物燃料电池对土壤中重金属的去除效能,测定双室MFCs的产电性能。实验以盐桥作为质子通道,构建并利用双室微生物燃料电池（MFCs）对土壤中铅（Pb2+）进行去除,铅（Pb2+）的测定采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法;电极板上铅（Pb）的富集采用扫描电镜观察和能谱方法分析;阳极液中分离的细菌的系统分类学位置通过分离、纯化和16S rDNA测序以及创建系统树来解析。实验表明:MFCs运行10 d后,土壤中铅（Pb）的去除率高达64.40%,最大电压值为69.63 mV;从阳极液中分离出的细菌的系统分类学位置分析表明,2株细菌分别与Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain LH15（KM893074）和Pseudomonas sp.putida strain（MF996382）同源性最高,且均为100%,两菌株分别为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和为恶臭假单胞菌,并分别命名为SKD-GYT-1（LC479453）和SKD-GYT-2（LC479454）,对其产电能力的分析仍有待探索。研究表明,土壤微生物燃料电池的产电能力较高,对于土壤中铅的去除效果明显。     

微生物种间相互作用产生锰氧化的普适性及其潜在应用

锰氧化微生物的催化作用能将二价锰的氧化速率提高几个数量级,影响自然界锰元素的价态变化和归趋.以往研究大都关注锰氧化单一菌株,而笔者前期研究揭示了两株细菌(Sphingopyxis sp. QXT-31和Arthrobacter sp. QXT-31)的种间相互作用能够触发Arthrobacter sp. QXT-31产生锰氧化活性.为了进一步揭示其发生的普适性、机制及潜在工程应用,以另外3种Sphingopyxis菌株为研究对象,采用纯培养、比较基因组学和转录组分析等研究手段,发现其中1株菌也能触发Arthrobacter sp. QXT-31产生锰氧化活性,表明微生物种间相互作用触发锰氧化具有一定的广泛性.进一步筛选了可能参与菌株相互作用的基因,发现Sphingopyxis的抗生素合成基因转录水平普遍上升,表明其可能参与了触发Arthrobacter sp. QXT-31产生锰氧化活性.基于以上发现,最终在反应器中验证了利用微生物种间相互作用强化二价锰氧化去除的可行性.     

季节性冻融对扎龙湿地土壤微生物群落结构和胞外酶活性的影响

选取扎龙湿地芦苇沼泽为研究对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸法和微孔板法研究了季节性冻融期土壤微生物群落结构和胞外酶活性的动态变化规律.结果表明,微生物总磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）含量和细菌PLFA含量均呈先降低后升高趋势,而真菌PLFA含量呈先升高后降低趋势.冻融初期至融冻初期,β-葡萄糖苷酶显著降低了71.84%,β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶表现为先升高后降低趋势,酸性磷酸酶在融冻初期最高、冻融初期最低,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶峰值均出现在融冻后期.主成分分析表明,季节性冻融显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构.冗余分析发现,土壤含水率与总PLFA、细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶呈显著正相关（p<0.05）;土壤全磷、速效磷、速效氮与真菌和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶呈显著正相关;β-葡萄糖苷酶主要受土壤碳氮比和有机质影响,而土壤微生物与胞外酶活性在不同冻融时期具有显著相关性（p<0.05）.因此,探究全球变化背景下土壤微生物和胞外酶对季节性冻融过程的响应机制,可为深入解析扎龙湿地土壤质量演变特征及湿地生态系统功能的恢复与保护提供科学依据.     

成都市文娱区表层土壤重金属健康风险评价

为研究成都人口密集的文娱区表层土壤的重金属污染情况以及重金属人体健康风险,采集并分析了川大望江校区、八宝广场、沙河驷马桥段、人民公园和春熙路30个表层土样中Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb元素的含量,并通过内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价法对重金属污染水平及人体健康风险进行了评价。结果发现,与土壤背景值相比重金属Pb的浓度较高（高出背景值的1~2倍）;综合指数显示除人民公园表土重金属达到中度污染外,其余各区处于轻度污染。在健康风险方面,文娱区表层土中这四种重金属尚不能对人体造成非致癌健康风险;但无论儿童还是成人,由Cd可导致的致癌风险已不能忽视。因此,应将Cd作为成都市土壤重金属污染防控工作中优先控制的重金属。     

游离亚硝酸抑制硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter)活性动力学研究

为探究游离亚硝酸（FNA）对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）活性抑制动力学影响,采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,在通过改变系统进水FNA浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象（宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示上Nitrobacter占细菌总数40.3%）,基于批次试验,考察不同FNA浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程比亚硝态氮氧化速率（SNiOR）变化规律,进而拟合FNA抑制Nitrobacter活性抑制动力学模型,并进行统计学分析.结果表明,当FNA≤0.1mg/L时,随着FNA浓度升高,SNiOR迅速升高.当FNA>0.1mg/L时,SNiOR随着FNA浓度升高而降低.尤其当FNA浓度高于0.7mg/L时,SNiOR始终维持在0gN/（gVSS·d）,表明Nitrobacter活性统被完全抑制.统计学分析结果显示相对于Haldane、Aiba、Edwards-1#、Edwards-2#、Luong抑制动力学模型,Han-Levenspiel模型最适合描述FNA对Nitrobacter活性的抑制影响.其统计学常数：残差平方和（RSS）为0.02、可决系数（R²）为0.90、拟合方程的方差检验统计量F值为78.1、可信度P值为3.29×10^-12,其动力学常数值分别为：最大比亚硝态氮氧化速率（r_max）为1.57gN/（gVSS·d）;半饱和常数（K_S）为0.01mg/L;临界抑制常数（S_m）为0.66mg/L.     

事故致因理论对自主系统开发与安全运行的启示

在现代工业中,自主智能系统处在创新与探索阶段。由于先验知识的缺乏,其自身所带来的风险问题,越发得到学术界与工业界的关注。本文对于如何应用国际主流的事故致因理论以提高自主系统开发与运营的安全性进行了探讨。指出,现有的事故致因理论可用来从不同角度识别已知风险源,提高对未知风险源的警惕性,并通过描述事故场景,来辅助设计技术安全屏障与运行策略提高自主系统的安全性。为更好的理解自主系统如何会做出错误或不恰当决策,需对现有事故致因理论未涉及到的脑科学与认知心理学进一步的探讨与研究。     

Awareness,riding behaviors,and legislative attitudes toward electric bikes among two types of road users: An investigation in Tianjin,a municipality in China

Objective: This study aimed to understand the awareness, riding behaviors, and legislative attitudes of electric bike (e-bike) users and non-e-bike road users toward e-bikes in Tianjin, a municipality in China.

Methods: This cross-sectional investigation included 2 components. The field survey was conducted in 9 districts (4 urban and 5 rural) from 2015 to 2017. Adult participants were interviewed using a street intercept method. The online survey was conducted using the WeChat social platform. A series of questions related to awareness and practice of e-bike safety-related issues was asked.

Results: A total of 16,859 interviews were completed, including 1,653 (794 e-bike users and 859 other road users) in-person interviews by field survey and 15,206 (4,426 e-bike users and 10,780 other road users) by online survey. Except for ignoring a red light when making a left turn (P?=?.000) and waiting across the white line at a red light (P?=?.000), which e-bike users were lower than other road users, there were no significant differences between e-bike users and other road users in regards to the correct awareness rate of riding in the opposite direction, riding in a motor vehicle lane, running red lights, jaywalking, speeding, carrying adult passengers, and riding on the expressway (P?>?.05). In addition, 74.2% of e-bike users considered helmet use necessary (P?=?.000) and 54.7% thought that installing a windshield is wrong (P?=?.000), which was higher than other road users (49.1 and 48.4%, respectively). Other road users had greater awareness than e-bike users regarding whether turning left at a red light is wrong (91.7 vs. 85.1%), waiting across the white line when the light is red is wrong (86.6 vs. 75.9%), lighs should be turned on at night (94.8 vs. 90.3%). Correct practices were far behind awareness in all kinds of violation behaviors (P?=?.000) among e-bike users in the field survey. The rate of public support for legislation including those who very much support and support legislation was 93.34% in the field survey and 87.68% in the online survey.

Conclusions: E-bike users had lower correct awareness rate than other road users regarding e-bike violation behaviors but were more concerned about safety protection than other road users. E-bike users’ correct practices were far behind their awareness for all kinds of violation behaviors. Public education on the traffic law needs to be strengthened among e-bike users. The public strongly supported special regulations for e-bike use, such as helmet use.     

三峡水库沉积物不同赋存形态磷的时空分布

为了认识三峡水库沉积物磷的赋存状况,利用磷形态标准测试程序SMT法对干流和三条代表性支流(香溪河、大宁河、小江)的柱状沉积物进行了总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)的测定,结果表明干流沉积物TP含量为781~1026 mg·kg-1,支流沉积物TP含量为382~1085 mg·kg-1.TP主要由IP组成,OP所占比例较低;IP主要由Ca-P组成,Fe/Al-P所占比例较低.干流TP含量空间差异不显著,但各赋存形态磷的含量普遍高于支流,支流中香溪河磷含量高于大宁河和小江.垂直方向上各赋存形态磷含量在不同沉积深度没有明显规律;TP、IP、Ca-P三者变化趋势较一致,主要受Ca-P含量的影响.鉴于支流的独特水文条件,相比于干流,更应警惕支流沉积物磷的释放风险及其对水体的环境化学效应.     

Reducing nitrogen runoff from paddy fields with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under different fertilizer regimes

Nitrogen(N) runoff from paddy fields serves as one of the main sources of water pollution. Our aim was to reduce N runoff from paddy fields by fertilizer management and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF). In northeast China, Shuangcheng city in Heilongjiang province, a field experiment was conducted, using rice provided with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,and 100% of the local norm of fertilization(including N, phosphorus and potassium), with or without inoculation with Glomus mosseae. The volume, concentrations of total N(TN),dissolved N(DN) and particulate N(PN) of runoff water were measured. We found that the local norm of fertilization led to 18.9 kg/ha of N runoff during rice growing season, with DN accounting for 60%–70%. We also found that reduction in fertilization by 20% cut down TN runoff by 8.2% while AMF inoculation decreased N runoff at each fertilizer level and this effect was inhibited by high fertilization. The combination of inoculation with AMF and 80% of the local norm of fertilization was observed to reduce N runoff by 27.2%. Conclusively, we suggested that the contribution of AMF inoculation combined with decreasing fertilization should get more attention to slow down water eutrophication by reducing N runoff from paddy fields.