长江三峡库区和上游气候变化特点及其影响

利用1961～2010年逐日气温、降水等气象观测资料分析三峡库区和长江流域等地区气象要素的气候长期变化趋势,并利用监测资料和数值模拟试验初步分析了水库蓄水后对三峡库区附近局地的天气气候的可能影响。结果表明:近50 a来三峡库区平均气温呈现上升趋势,降水量具有年代际变化特征,21世纪以来库区降水转为少雨期;气温和降水的变化都与长江上游乃至整个长江流域的变化趋势基本一致。水库蓄水后对库区附近气温产生调节作用,夏季降温和冬季增温效应明显;蓄水后库区年降水量没有明显变化。总体上,三峡水库对附近气候影响范围一般不超过20 km     

LNG船舶进出港航行移动安全区宽度定量计算分析

为保障液化天然气(LNG)船舶进出港通航安全,提出一种基于LNG船舶碰撞事故概率和风险的LNG船舶移动安全区宽度界定方法。该方法以船舶碰撞概率模型、船舶碰撞损害模型和LNG池火危害模型为基础,计算LNG船舶在航行过程中的事故概率和风险,并根据其分布特征,结合事故概率与风险可接受标准,定量界定LNG船舶移动安全区的宽度。研究表明,LNG船舶移动安全区宽度与通航水域交通流分布、事故船舶的排水量、航行速度等相关。在水上交通管理应用中,可根据LNG船舶及应用水域交通的实际情况确定LNG船舶进出港航行移动安全区的宽度。     

A safety barrier-based accident model for offshore drilling blowouts

Blowout is one of the most serious accidents in the offshore oil and gas industry. Accident records show that most of the offshore blowouts have occurred in the drilling phase. Efficient measures to prevent, mitigate, and control offshore drilling blowouts are important for the entire offshore oil and gas industry. This article proposes a new barrier-based accident model for drilling blowouts. The model is based on the three-level well control theory, and primary and secondary well control barriers and an extra well monitoring barrier are established between the reservoir and the blowout event. The three barriers are illustrated in a graphical model that is similar to the well-known Swiss cheese model. Five additional barriers are established to mitigate and control the blowout accident, and event tree analysis is used to analyze the possible consequence chains. Based on statistical data and literature reviews, failures of each barrier are presented. These failures can be used as guidance for offshore drilling operators to become aware of the vulnerabilities of the safety barrier system, and to assess the risk related to these barriers. The Macondo accident is used as a case study to show how the new model can be used to understand the development of the events leading to the accident. The model can also be used as an aid to prevent future blowouts or to stop the escalation of events.     

渤海西部局地大雾变化趋势及成因分析

利用2002-2012年秦皇岛地区4个气象站大雾监测及Micaps 3.0常规资料,对比分析卢龙与沿海站大雾的时空尺度分布特征,对大雾持续时间、日数进行跨月、跨年统计,从中筛选出189个样本个例进行变化趋势分析。对典型17个过程个例按能见度大小进行3级设定,对应其同步天气背景,分析大雾偏多的成因。     

Toxicity and behavioral response of zebrafish exposed to combined microplastic and bisphenol analogues

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Microplastics and bisphenol analogues are emerging environmental pollutants widely occurring in freshwaters. Harmful effects of microplastics and bisphenols have...     

A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for water environmental monitoring

● A cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for in-field detection. ● A universal colorimetric detection platform in the absorbance range of 400–700 nm. ● Six-fold improvement of sensitivity by introducing a transmission grating. ● Quantifying multiple water quality indexes simultaneously with high stability. The development of colorimetric analysis technologies for the commercial cellphone platform has attracted great attention in environmental monitoring due to the low cost, high versatility, easy miniaturization, and widespread ownership of cellphones. This work demonstrates a cellphone-based colorimetric multi-channel sensor for quantifying multiple environmental contaminants simultaneously with high sensitivity and stability. To improve the sensitivity of the sensor, a delicate optical path system was created by using a diffraction grating to split six white beams transmitting through the multiple colored samples, which allows the cellphone CMOS camera to capture the diffracted light for image analysis. The proposed sensor is a universal colorimetric detection platform for a variety of environmental contaminants with the colorimetry assay in the range of 400–700 nm. By introducing the diffraction grating for splitting light, the sensitivity was improved by over six folds compared with a system that directly photographed transmitted light. As a successful proof-of-concept, the sensor was used to detect turbidity, orthophosphate, ammonia nitrogen and three heavy metals simultaneously with high sensitivity (turbidity: detection limit of 1.3 NTU, linear range of 5–400 NTU; ammonia nitrogen: 0.014 mg/L, 0.05–5 mg/L; orthophosphate: 0.028 mg/L, 0.1–10 mg/L; Cr (VI): 0.0069 mg/L, 0.01–0.5 mg/L; Fe: 0.025 mg/L, 0.1–2 mg/L; Zn: 0.032 mg/L, 0.05–2 mg/L) and reliability (relative standard deviations of six parallel measurements of 0.37%–1.60% and recoveries of 95.5%–106.0% in surface water). The miniature sensor demonstrated in-field sensing ability in environmental monitoring, which can be extended to point-of-care diagnosis and food safety control.     

Educational attainment and environmental Kuznets curve in China: an aggregate and disaggregate analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The primary focus of this study is to evaluate the impact of various levels of education on CO2 emissions in China. Moreover, the study also tested...     

Settleability and dewaterability of sewage sludge with modified diatomite

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)-modified diatomite and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified...     

武汉市3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子

为揭示不同类型湖泊浮游植物群落特点及关键影响因子,于2018年春季、夏季、秋季和冬季对武汉市城市(UL)、郊野型(CL)和生态保育区(EL)这3种类型共24个湖泊174个采样点进行了浮游植物和水质参数采样调查.结果表明,3种类型湖泊共鉴定出浮游植物9门159属365种,绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门的种类最多,分别占总物种数的55.34%、 15.89%和15.07%.浮游植物细胞密度变化范围为3.60×10⁶～421.99×10⁶ cell·L^-1,叶绿素a (Chla)变化范围为15.60～240.50μg·L^-1,生物量变化范围为27.71～379.79 mg·L^-1,香浓-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)多样性指数变化范围为0.29～2.86.在3种类型湖泊中,EL和UL的细胞密度、 Chla和生物量均低于CL,而Shannon-Wiener多样性指数则相反.非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)和相似性分析(ANOSIM)结果表明,3种类型湖泊浮游植物群落结构存在差异(Stres...     

影响环境质量的关键因子的识别方法

影响环境质量的因素很多 ,它们所起作用各异 ,为尽可能客观地找出其中的关键因子 ,有针对性地进行环境治理或准确地评价环境治理效果 ,设计了一套直接寻找关键因子的方法 ,称作增量趋势法。该法是利用环境监测数据Ci 与标准值Cis,计算出各因子的相对超标量 yi1=[Ci(t) -Cis]/Cis 及相对变化量yi2 =[Ci(t) -Ci(t- 1) ]/Ci(t- 1) ;根据相对超标量yi1和相对变化量 yi2的符号 (>0或≤ 0 )的不同组合方式 ,将各因子分成 4种状态 ,再在各状态中 ,依 yi1和 yi2 的数值大小进行子排序 ;最后 ,由各因子所处的状态与位次进行总排序 ,找出关键因子。为说明该方法如何运用 ,以南京市内秦淮河水质为例 ,分析了各水污染因子所处的状态 ,并进行了排序 ,同时还与传统方法做了简单的对比。结果表明增量趋势法具有如下特点 :(1)物理意义明确 ,分析方法简明 ,适宜于用计算机和环境信息数据库进行自动分析 ;(2 )由于增量趋势法是利用原始监测数据 ,通过简单运算来寻找关键因子的 ,因此 ,能客观地判别各污染因子所起的作用 ,揭示污染治理的效果 ,找出污染加剧的原因 ,增加评价的准确性 ,减少治理时的盲目性 ;(3)趋势增量法同时还考虑了污染因子的动态演变过程 ,可分析随时间推移各因子趋于好转或恶化的变化趋势 ,与许多静态方