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排序方式: 共有140条查询结果,搜索用时 62 毫秒
81.
Noor Rehman Maria Inez G. de Miranda Simone M. L. Rosa Débora M. Pimentel Sônia M. B. Nachtigall Clara I. D. Bica 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2014,22(2):252-259
In this work cellulose was extracted from corn/maize straw (Zea mays) by means of an environmental-friendly multistep procedure involving alkaline treatment and a totally chlorine-free bleaching. This multistep procedure efficiently removed lignin and hemicelluloses. The pulp resulting from each step was characterized by attenuated total reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The optimum pulping time (time of alkaline treatment) was determined by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The extracted cellulose is highly crystalline as verified by X-ray diffraction. The partial acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid led to the isolation of cellulose whiskers in aqueous suspension as confirmed by light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The depolarization ratio value of these nanocrystals is the same as that determined for cotton whiskers, showing that this ratio does not depend on the cellulose source. The maize whiskers are arranged laterally in bundles with average thickness around five times that of the crystallite. 相似文献
82.
Isabel Latour Ruben Miranda Angeles Blanco 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(16):9832-9842
High silica content of de-inked paper mill effluents is limiting their regeneration and reuse after membrane treatments such as reverse osmosis (RO). Silica removal during softening processes is a common treatment; however, the effluent from the paper mill studied has a low hardness content, which makes the addition of magnesium compounds necessary to increase silica removal. Two soluble magnesium compounds (MgCl2?6H2O and MgSO4?7H2O) were tested at five dosages (250–1,500 mg/L) and different initial pH values. High removal rates (80–90 %) were obtained with both products at the highest pH tested (11.5). With these removal efficiencies, it is possible to work at high RO recoveries (75–85 %) without silica scaling. Although pH regulation significantly increased the conductivity of the waters (at pH 11.5 from 2.1 to 3.7–4.0 mS/cm), this could be partially solved by using Ca(OH)2 instead of NaOH as pH regulator (final conductivity around 3.0 mS/cm). Maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal obtained with caustic soda was lower than with lime (15 vs. 30 %). Additionally, the combined use of a polyaluminum coagulant during the softening process was studied; the coagulant, however, did not significantly improve silica removal, obtaining a maximum increase of only 10 %. 相似文献
83.
Luis H.M. dos Santos Thiago G. Veríssimo Maria de Fatima Andrade Regina Maura de Miranda Adalgiza Fornaro 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(5):519-528
Several studies indicate that mortality and morbidity can be well correlated to atmospheric aerosol concentrations with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). In this work the PM2.5 at Recife city was analyzed as part of a main research project (INAIRA) to evaluate the air pollution impact on human health in six Brazilian metropolitan areas. The average concentration, for 309 samples (24-hr), from June 2007 to July 2008, was 7.3 µg/m³, with an average of 1.1 µg/m³ of black carbon. The elemental concentrations of samples were obtained by x-ray fluorescence. The concentrations were then used for characterizing the aerosol, and also were employed for receptor modelling to identify the major local sources of PM2.5. Positive matrix factorization analysis indicated six main factors, with four being associated to soil dust, vehicles and sea spray, metallurgical activities, and biomass burning, while for a chlorine factor, and others related to S, Ca, Br, and Na, we could make no specific source association. Principal component analysis also indicated six dominant factors, with some specific characteristics. Four factors were associated to soil dust, vehicles, biomass burning, and sea spray, while for the two others, a chlorine- and copper-related factor and a nickel-related factor, it was not possible to do a specific source association. The association of the factors to the likely sources was possible thanks to meteorological analysis and sources information. Each model, although giving similar results, showed factors’ peculiarities, especially for source apportionment. The observed PM2.5 concentration levels were acceptable, notwithstanding the high urbanization of the metropolitan area, probably due to favorable conditions for air pollution dispersion. More than a valuable historical register, these results should be very important for the next analysis, which will correlate health data, PM2.5 levels, and sources contributions in the context of the six studied Brazilian metropolises.
Implications: The analysis of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Recife city, Brazil, gave a significant picture of the local concentration and composition of this pollutant, which exhibits robust associations to adverse human health effects. Data from 1 year of sampling evaluated the seasonal variability and its connections with weather patterns. Source apportionment in this metropolitan area was obtained based in a combination of receptor models: principal component analysis (PCA)/chemical mass balance (CMB) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). These results give guidelines for local air pollution control actions, providing significant information for a health study in the context of establishing a new national air pollution protocol based on Brazilian cities data. 相似文献
84.
Blanco-Penedo I Cruz JM López-Alonso M Miranda M Castillo C Hernández J Benedito JL 《Environment international》2006,32(7):901-906
The aim of the present study was to assess whether the use of pig slurry and associated copper accumulation in calves grazing pastures fertilized with pig slurry from the Deza region in NW Spain has a significant influence on toxic metal and essential metal levels, and to investigate whether copper accumulation is correlated with the levels of these other metals. Correlations between copper, toxic metals (cadmium, lead) and essential metals (molybdenum, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese and cobalt) concentrations were evaluated in liver and kidney of 195 calves from the region of Deza. Metal concentrations were determined by ICP-OES and correlations between pairs of elements by Pearson correlation analysis. There was a strongly significant positive association between copper and lead in the liver. Considering the trace metals, copper in the liver showed significant positive correlations with cobalt in both liver and kidney, and with molybdenum in the liver. In addition, significant correlations were observed between copper and most essential metals in kidney. These associations are similar to those found in different animal species experimentally dosed with copper and other metals, as well as in cattle exposed to normal copper concentrations. 相似文献
85.
Brett G. Dickson Rick D. Scherer Amanda M. Kissel Bryan P. Wallace Kathryn M. Langin Miranda E. Gray Amanda F. Scheib Bruce Weise 《Conservation biology》2019,33(5):1094-1105
Translocation is used by managers to mitigate the negative impacts of development on species. Moving individuals to a new location is challenging, and many translocation attempts have failed. Robust, posttranslocation monitoring is therefore important for evaluating effects of translocation on target species. We evaluated the efficacy of a translocation designed to mitigate the effects of a utility-scale solar energy project on the U.S. federally listed Mojave desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The species is a long-lived reptile threatened by a variety of factors, including habitat loss due to renewable energy development in the Mojave Desert and portions of the Colorado Desert in southern California (southwestern United States). We translocated 58 individual tortoises away from the project's construction site and intensively monitored them over 5 years (2012–2017). We monitored these individuals and tortoises located in the translocation release area (resident tortoises; n = 112) and control tortoises (n = 149) in a nearby location. We used our tortoise encounter data and known-fate survival models to estimate annual and cumulative survival. Translocated tortoises in each of 2 size classes (120–160 mm, >160 mm) did not survive at lower rates than resident and control tortoises over the study period. For models with different sets of biotic and abiotic covariates, annual and cumulative estimates of survival were always >0.87 and >0.56, respectively. Larger tortoises tended to have higher survival, but translocated tortoises were not differentially affected by the covariates used to model variation in survival. Based on these findings, our translocation design and study protocols could inform other translocation projects for desert species. Our case study highlights the benefits of combining rigorous scientific monitoring with well-designed, mitigation-driven management actions to reduce the negative effects of development on species of conservation concern. 相似文献
86.
Pyrolysis of polypropylene waste using sulfonated carbon catalyst synthesized from sugarcane bagasse
Premalatha N. Prathiba R. Miranda Michael Angelo Miranda Lima Rose 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(3):1002-1014
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this study, thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of polypropylene waste (PP) was investigated using a batch reactor in the temperature range... 相似文献
87.
Three accident causation models, each with their own associated approach to accident analysis, currently dominate the human factors literature. Although the models are in general agreement that accidents represent a complex, systems phenomenon, the subsequent analysis methods prescribed are very different. This paper presents a case study-based comparison of the three methods: Accimap, HFACS and STAMP. Each was used independently by separate analysts to analyse the recent Mangatepopo gorge tragedy in which six students and their teacher drowned while participating in a led gorge walking activity. The outputs were then compared and contrasted, revealing significant differences across the three methods. These differences are discussed in detail, and the implications for accident analysis are articulated. In conclusion, a modified version of the Accimap method, incorporating domain specific taxonomies of failure modes, is recommended for future accident analysis efforts. 相似文献
88.
Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a virgin Brazilian Amazon region with potential to degrade atrazine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ana Flavia Tonelli Fernandes Michelle Barbosa Partata da Silva Vinicius Vicente Martins Carlos Eduardo Saraiva Miranda Eliana Guedes Stehling 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(24):13974-13978
The use of pesticides to increase agricultural production can result in the contamination of the environment, causing changes in the genetic structure of organisms and in the loss of biodiversity. This practice is also inducing changes in the rainforest ecosystem. In this work, a Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from a preservation soil area of the Brazilian Amazon Forest, without usage of any pesticide, was evaluated for its potential to degrade atrazine. This isolate presented all responsible genes (atzA, atzB, atzC, atzD, atzE, and atzF) for atrazine mineralization and demonstrated capacity to use atrazine as a nitrogen source, having achieved a reduction of 44 % of the initial concentration of atrazine after 24 h. These results confirm gene dispersion and/or a possible contamination of the area with the herbicide, which reinforces global concern of the increase and intensive use of pesticides worldwide. 相似文献
89.
Erin L. Murphy Miranda Bernard Gwenllian Iacona Stephanie B. Borrelle Megan Barnes Alexis McGivern Jorge Emmanuel Leah R. Gerber 《Conservation biology》2022,36(2):e13827
Marine plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Although there has been a surge in global investment for implementing interventions to mitigate plastic pollution, there has been little attention given to the cost of these interventions. We developed a decision support framework to identify the economic, social, and ecological costs and benefits of plastic pollution interventions for different sectors and stakeholders. We calculated net cost as a function of six cost and benefit categories with the following equation: cost of implementing an intervention (direct, indirect, and nonmonetary costs) minus recovered costs and benefits (monetary and nonmonetary) produced by the interventions. We applied our framework to two quantitative case studies (a solid waste management plan and a trash interceptor) and four comparative case studies, evaluating the costs of beach cleanups and waste-to-energy plants in various contexts, to identify factors that influence the costs of plastic pollution interventions. The socioeconomic context of implementation, the spatial scale of implementation, and the time scale of evaluation all influence costs and the distribution of costs across stakeholders. Our framework provides an approach to estimate and compare the costs of a range of interventions across sociopolitical and economic contexts. 相似文献
90.
Miriam Miranda Carel Dieperink Pieter Glasbergen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2002,4(1):69-86
Forests offer good possibilities for the sequestration of carbon dioxide. This service can be commodified by the introduction of carbon (dioxide) credits, which can be traded on a carbon market. The premise of this paper is that the traditional economic view on the construction of these carbon markets is a too simplistic one, particularly, because it neglects the social meaning of a carbon market for developing countries. From their viewpoint as suppliers of carbon credits such a market has a broader meaning. It must be seen as a social mechanism for improving both the living conditions of local people and a more encompassing improvement of the environment than climate as such. What initially might be labelled as a carbon market might better be understood as a more encompassing 'green market'. The agreement between Costa Rica and Norway, officially known as the Reforestation Conservation Activities Implemented Jointly Project (RFCAIJP) represents a clear example of a green market. In this paper, we study the development, characteristics and benefits of that market, asking the question what lessons can be learned from this first practical experiences. More specifically we focus on the conditions that have made this type of agreement successful. 相似文献