重庆万州城区大气PM2.5中正构烷烃污染特征及来源分析

采用大流量气溶胶采样器采集了重庆市万州城区2013年夏季和冬季大气中PM_(2.5)样品,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对PM_(2.5)中22种(C12~C33)正构烷烃的含量进行了测定,进而对万州城区PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃的污染特征及来源进行了分析.结果表明,万州城区夏、冬季大气PM_(2.5)中均检测出C12~C33正构烷烃,主峰碳均为C29和C31.夏、冬季PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃日均总浓度分别为158.70 ng·m-3和257.20 ng·m-3,碳优势指数CPI分别为1.63和1.82,CPI1分别为0.61和0.67,CPI2分别为1.83和1.96,植物蜡参数Wax C平均值分别为53.44%和55.53%.万州城区大气细颗粒物中n-alkanes受到来源于陆源高等植物蜡的排放等生物源及化石燃料燃烧等人为源的共同影响,且生物源的影响较大.     

液液萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中阿特拉津质量控制指标体系研究

文章采用液液萃取-高效液相色谱法,通过统计全国多家实验室的测定数据,对水中阿特拉津测试的精密度和准确度两大类共5个质控指标及其评价标准进行了研究,提出在概率P和γ均为0.90时,平行样、空白加标回收率平行样和样品加标回收率平行样最大相对偏差应分别控制在7.5%、10.5%和9.7%;空白加标浓度为0.1～20μg/L时,回收率应控制在59%～118%;样品测定浓度为未检出、加标浓度在0.2～20μg/L时,实际样品加标回收率应控制在73%～106%。     

废旧锌锰电池锌锰元素的分析表征

为了解废旧锌锰电池的锌锰元素特征,以废旧碱性(A-A)和酸性(Zn-C)电池为研究对象,采用化学分析、BCR连续萃取技术、SEM-EDS和XRD等手段对拆分的电池正、负电极材料中的锌锰元素进行了分析表征.实验表明:废旧碱性(A-A)电池中Mn、Zn分别占到正极材料质量的49.2%、10.3%,以Zn Mn2O4四方体锌锰矿结构晶体存在;Zn占负极材料的52.5%,以Zn O晶体存在;废旧酸性(Zn-C)电池混合电解质中,Mn、Zn各占41.8%和25.2%,分别以Zn Mn2O4、Mn O2、Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O和Zn(NH3)2Cl2等晶体存在.BCR处理结果显示,A-A电池正极和Zn-C电池混合电解质中,Mn主要为残渣态较难酸释,而A-A电池负极中的Zn易于回收.     

硫酸铵和尿素对废物焚烧过程中多种途径生成氯苯类的抑制作用

氯苯类(CBz)是废弃物焚烧等过程中产生二英的前驱物,也被认为是实现二英在线检测的良好指示物,同时五氯苯(PeCBz)和六氯苯(HxCBz)也是持久性有机污染物(POPs).但氯苯在废物焚烧过程中的排放和控制尚没有受到足够重视,为此开展了模拟焚烧过程中硫酸铵和尿素对3种氯苯合成途径的抑制作用研究,包括飞灰合成,1,2-二氯代苯(1,2-DiCBz)转化高氯代苯等过程.结果表明,硫酸铵和尿素对氯苯的3种合成途径均有抑制作用,如1%尿素与废物混合焚烧对四氯苯、五氯苯和六氯苯的抑制效率分别达到了66.8%、57.4%和50.4%.比较硫酸铵和尿素对3种过程的抑制作用,认为尿素对氯苯具有更稳定的抑制能力.     

Understanding the patterns and mechanisms of urban water ecosystem degradation: phytoplankton community structure and water quality in the Qinhuai River, Nanjing City, China

The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of environmental parameters and the phytoplankton community were investigated in October 2010 and January 2011 in the Qinhuai River, Nanjing, China. Results showed that the water quality in the study area was generally poor, and the main parameters exceeding standards (level V) were nitrogen and phosphorus. The observed average concentrations of the total nitrogen (TN) were 4.90 mg?L^?1 in autumn and 9.29 mg?L^?1 in winter, and those of the total phosphorus (TP) were 0.24 mg?L^?1 in autumn and 0.88 mg?L^?1 in winter, respectively. Thirty-seven species, 30 genera, and four phyla of phytoplankton were detected in the river. Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant phyla in autumn, with average abundance and biomass of 221.5?×?10⁴?cells?L^?1 and 4.41 mg?L^?1, respectively. The dominant population in winter was Bacillariophyta, and the average abundance and biomass were 153.4?×?10⁴?cells?L^?1 and 6.58 mg?L^?1, respectively. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) between environmental parameters and phytoplankton communities showed that Chlorophyta could tolerate the higher concentrations of the permanganate index, nitrogen, and phosphorus in eutrophic water; Bacillariophyta could adapt well to changing water environments; and the TN/TP ratio had obvious impacts on the distributions of Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, and some species of Chlorophyta. CCA analyses for autumn and winter data revealed that the main environmental parameters influencing phytoplankton distribution were water temperature, conductivity, and total nitrogen, and the secondary factors were dissolved oxygen, NH₄ ⁺–N, NO₃–N, TN, COD_Mn, TN/TP ratio, and oxidation-reduction potential.     

三峡库区大气活性氮组成及干沉降通量

为了解三峡库区腹地大气中活性氮的组成及干沉降通量,于2015年每个季节选取代表性月份在万州城区采集了气体和颗粒物样品.利用离子色谱法测定氮素浓度,同时结合大叶阻力模型模拟计算的干沉降速率值,估算了不同形态氮素的干沉降通量.结果表明,HNO₃的干沉降速率值最大,年均值为0.39cm/s,约为其它氮素的3~8倍.NO₂和NH₃是大气活性氮的主要赋存形态,年均浓度值分别为（11.7±3.9）和（11.0±5.3）μg N/m³,两者之和约占总无机氮浓度的80%.万州城区总无机氮干沉降总量为8.5kg N/（hm²·a）,其中氧化态氮（NO₂、HNO₃、颗粒态NO₃^-）和还原态氮（NH₃、颗粒态NH₄⁺）干沉降通量分别为3.5,5.0kg N/（hm²·a）,占干沉降总量的41.4%和58.6%.因此,为有效控制三峡库区腹地的氮素污染,应重点关注NH₃的减排.     

零价铁类Fenton试剂氧化降解废水中有机污染物的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应降解废水中有机污染物的研究现状,介绍了Fe0-H2O2体系、紫外光-Fe0-H2O2体系和可见光-Fe0-H2O2体系处理有机污染物的机理、特点和效果,并对未来Fe0类Fenton试剂氧化反应体系处理有机污染物的发展前景进行了展望。     

A red water occurrence in drinking water distribution systems caused by changes in water source in Beijing,China: mechanism analysis and control measures

A red water phenomenon occurred in several communities few days after the change of water source in Beijing, China in 2008. In this study, the origin of this problem, the mechanism of iron release and various control measures were investigated. The results indicated that a significant increase in sulphate concentration as a result of the new water source was the cause of the red water phenomenon. The mechanism of iron release was found that the high-concentration sulphate in the new water source disrupted the stable shell of scale on the inner pipe and led to the release of iron compounds. Experiments showed that the iron release rate in the new source water within pipe section was over 11-fold higher than that occurring within the local source water. The recovery of tap water quality lasted several months despite ameliora- tive measures being implemented, including adding phosphate, reducing the overall proportion of the new water source, elevating the pH and alkalinity, and utilizing free chlorine as a disinfectant instead of chloramine. Adding phosphate was more effective and more practical than the other measures. The iron release rate was decreased after the addition of 1.5 mg. L-1 orthophosphate- P, tripolyphosphate-P and hexametaphosphate-P by 68%, 83% and 87%, respectively. Elevating the pH and alkalinity also reduced the iron release rate by 50%. However, the iron release rate did not decreased after replacing chloramine by 0.5-0.8 mg. L-1 of free chlorine as disinfectant.     

HAZOP分析在常减压装置的应用及问题探讨

运用"HAZOP+LOPA+风险矩阵"复合式风险分析技术,对金陵分公司常减压装置进行危险辨识和风险分析,识别装置存在的主要问题和隐患,并对HAZOP技术应用中存在的适应性问题进行了探讨,对装置风险控制提出了针对性的建议措施,为装置的"安、稳、长、满、优"运行提供指导。     

电-生物耦合技术对偶氮染料的去除研究

酸性大红GR是一种较难生物降解的偶氮染料,采用一种电场和生物耦合的新型技术处理酸性大红GR模拟废水,并与单纯电化学法和好氧生物法进行试验对照。结果表明：反应6 h后,电化学法、好氧生物法、电-生物耦合技术对酸性大红GR的去除率分别达到15.7%、25.8%和71.2%,电-生物耦合技术能明显提高酸性大红GR的去除效果,起到强化生物处理的作用。在15 mA微电流条件下电-生物技术能克服50 mg/L酸性大红GR对好氧生物处理的抑制作用,为高浓度难降解染料废水的生物强化处理提供了可能。