Information helps decision makers to address and to decide about environmental problems. In the context of climate change adaptation, often knowledge is missing on how the available information from impact models affects the decision-making process. The main aim of this study was to explore the extent of ambiguity and how new climate change information influenced decision of forest planners. We investigated changes in decisions of planners about forestry actions representing species choice and forest tourism and expiry dates of these actions leading to environmental constraints in the provision of ecosystem services. Forest planners evaluated expiry dates using four forest ecosystem services: forest production, stand yield class, sequestered carbon, and potential tourism. Data were collected during workshops with eleven forest planners from three forest districts in Scotland. Presented climate change information modified the understanding and frames of planners about forestry actions assessed with accompanying expiry dates. Changes in the frames of planners often result in both earlier and later expiry dates. Ambiguity of planners was found to be dependent on diversity in frames and difficulty in evaluating multiple ecosystem services. These findings imply that due to ambiguity forest planners might find it hard to choose climate change adaptation measures and researchers can struggle to convince planners with new research findings. 相似文献
In industrial conditions, there are different kinds of installations endangered by an explosion of dust–gas mixtures. In order to prevent them from any consequences of potential explosions, active protection systems which use extinguishing powders, as the suppressing material, are more and more widely applied. It often happens that the industrial installations are additionally endangered by an action of mechanical vibrations. In the above-mentioned conditions, the extinguishing powder tends to aggregate, making the process of dispersing it in the protected areas more difficult.
The results of research into optimization of the shape, number of igniters and miniaturization of the explosive charge mass are presented. In case of occurrence of the mechanical vibrations in the installations that cause aggregation of the suppressing powder, the best solution was modification of the perforated combustion chamber located inside the extinguisher. As a result of that, a certain amount of gases generated in the course of combustion of the main charge is directed over the membrane, where the gases crash a layer of aggregated powder. Thus, the process of pushing the powder out from a container towards the dispersing head improves considerably and consequently increases the efficiency of the explosion-suppressing process. 相似文献
Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The study of bacterial degradation of 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one (NOP) by river water and soil bacteria was the main aim of the research. Although the... 相似文献
Pathways of pentachlorophenol dechlorination have been investigated on municipal waste incineration fly ash at 200 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out for these dechlorination conditions using the method of total Gibbs energy minimization for the whole system consisting of gaseous components, i.e., chlorinated phenols, phenol, hydrogen chloride and the Cu3Cl3 trimer and of solid Cu2O and CuCl2 components. The effects of water, temperature and of the amounts of the reaction components on the thermodynamic equilibrium have been discussed and the experimental results compared with the calculated thermodynamic data. 相似文献
Sexual selection in most vertebrates is based on the evolution of fitness optimization strategies such as multiple-male mating
(MMM). Several ecological correlates of MMM have been identified in bird and fish populations; however, only few studies have
documented the effects of environmental change on promiscuity in mammals. In this study, the 127 pregnant females from four
central European and ecologically diverse species of field mice (genus Apodemus) were studied to assess the role of ecological factors that may have shaped the evolution of particular mating systems. MMM
was found in all analyzed species: in Apodemus uralensis and Apodemus flavicollis, up to two males could be identified as the fathers of a particular litter, while three males sired 9.1% of analyzed litters
of Apodemus sylvaticus and 20.6% of Apodemus agrarius. Furthermore, there were obvious differences between species in relative testes size and the proportion of multiple sired
litters during those seasons when the opportunity for multiple mating was high. The species with the smallest testes and the
least promiscuous was A. uralensis (only 43.5% of multiple sired litters), while the species with the biggest testes and the most promiscuous was A. agrarius (69.2%). MMM was significantly associated with higher litter size in A. flavicollis, and the probability of MMM strongly increased with season in A. agrarius and with abundance in A. uralensis. These results indicate that ecological factors are associated with MMM rates in Apodemus field mice and more research is needed to fully understand the evolution of mating strategies at different levels of biological
resolution. 相似文献
This paper describes the chemical degradation of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with polyamines or triethanolamine,
the characteristics of the products, and a search for ways to use these products. Solvolysis of the polymer ester bonds was
caused by diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and their mixtures, as well as mixtures of triethylenetetramine and p-phenylenediamine or triethanolamine. Products of aminolysis or aminoglycolysis of PET obtained in reactions performed at
200–210°C (with a molar ratio of the recurrent polymer unit to amine of 1 : 2) have been characterized using nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR). Viscosity and hydroxyl number measurements have been done for PET/triethanolamine products. Substances from
aminolytical reactions with polyamines were tested as hardeners for liquid epoxy resins, and the product of polymer aminoglycolysis
with triethanolamine was tested as an epoxy resin hardener, e.g., for water-borne paints, and a polyol component for rigid
polyurethane foams. The compositions of epoxy resin hardeners have been characterized using DSC and rheometry. Comparative
analyses of the hardened epoxy materials have been done on the basis of glass temperature and mechanical properties data,
as well as some specific properties of the coating materials and rigid polyurethane foams.
Received: September 15, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000 相似文献