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61.
Pathways of pentachlorophenol dechlorination have been investigated on municipal waste incineration fly ash at 200 degrees C under nitrogen atmosphere. Thermodynamic calculations have been carried out for these dechlorination conditions using the method of total Gibbs energy minimization for the whole system consisting of gaseous components, i.e., chlorinated phenols, phenol, hydrogen chloride and the Cu3Cl3 trimer and of solid Cu2O and CuCl2 components. The effects of water, temperature and of the amounts of the reaction components on the thermodynamic equilibrium have been discussed and the experimental results compared with the calculated thermodynamic data. 相似文献
62.
Dominika Saniewska Magdalena Beldowska Jacek Beldowski Micha Saniewski Justyna Kwasniak Lucyna Falkowska 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(8)
The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition. 相似文献
63.
Josef Bryja Hana Patzenhauerová Tomáš Albrecht Ladislav Mošanský Michal Stanko Pavel Stopka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):251-260
Sexual selection in most vertebrates is based on the evolution of fitness optimization strategies such as multiple-male mating
(MMM). Several ecological correlates of MMM have been identified in bird and fish populations; however, only few studies have
documented the effects of environmental change on promiscuity in mammals. In this study, the 127 pregnant females from four
central European and ecologically diverse species of field mice (genus Apodemus) were studied to assess the role of ecological factors that may have shaped the evolution of particular mating systems. MMM
was found in all analyzed species: in Apodemus uralensis and Apodemus flavicollis, up to two males could be identified as the fathers of a particular litter, while three males sired 9.1% of analyzed litters
of Apodemus sylvaticus and 20.6% of Apodemus agrarius. Furthermore, there were obvious differences between species in relative testes size and the proportion of multiple sired
litters during those seasons when the opportunity for multiple mating was high. The species with the smallest testes and the
least promiscuous was A. uralensis (only 43.5% of multiple sired litters), while the species with the biggest testes and the most promiscuous was A. agrarius (69.2%). MMM was significantly associated with higher litter size in A. flavicollis, and the probability of MMM strongly increased with season in A. agrarius and with abundance in A. uralensis. These results indicate that ecological factors are associated with MMM rates in Apodemus field mice and more research is needed to fully understand the evolution of mating strategies at different levels of biological
resolution. 相似文献
64.
Muñiz Sierra Héctor Díaz-Somoano Mercedes Šyc Michal Shtukaturova Anastasia González La Fuente José Manuel Baizán Patricia Díaz Megido Laura 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(3):1672-1687
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The correct management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical factor in the protection of the environment, as well as a source for the... 相似文献
65.
Pochop J Kačániová M Hleba L Lopasovský L Bobková A Zeleňáková L Stričík M 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2012,47(3):212-216
The aim of this study was to follow contamination of ready-to-eat food with Listeria monocytogenes by using the Step One real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We used the PrepSEQ Rapid Spin Sample Preparation Kit for isolation of DNA and MicroSEQ? Listeria monocytogenes Detection Kit for the real-time PCR performance. In 30 samples of ready-to-eat milk and meat products without incubation we detected strains of Listeria monocytogenes in five samples (swabs). Internal positive control (IPC) was positive in all samples. Our results indicated that the real-time PCR assay developed in this study could sensitively detect Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food without incubation. 相似文献
66.
Nutrient stoichiometry in Sphagnum along a nitrogen deposition gradient in highly polluted region of Central-East Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We investigated the variation of N:P and N:K ratio in ombrotrophic Sphagnum plants along a gradient of atmospheric N deposition from 1 to 2.5 g m−2 year−1 in Central-East Europe. The N:P and N:K ratio in Sphagnum capitula increased significantly along the N deposition gradient. Sphagnum species from the Cuspidata section were characterised by significantly lower ratios at low N deposition. When we compared the observed N:P ratios in Sphagnum plants with the values reported in a previous European-wide study, we found a correspondence in nutrient stoichiometry only for a few bogs: higher P concentration in Sphagnum capitula caused a lower N:P ratio in most of the study bogs so that Sphagnum plants still seem N-limited despite their N saturation. Interaction between summer water table decrease and aerial liming of surrounding forests is proposed as an explanation for this discrepancy. Local forestry practice interacting with climate thus alter N:P stoichiometry of Sphagnum along the N deposition gradient. 相似文献
67.
Michal Cichorek Ewa Piorkowska Nelli Krasnikova 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2017,25(1):74-80
Polylactide (PLA) composites with 10–30 wt% of commercial fine grain filler of native cellulose were prepared by melt-mixing, and examined. The composite films had esthetic appearance, glossy surface, creamy color and density close to that of neat PLA. Good dispersion of the filler in PLA matrix was achieved. The composites were stiffer than neat PLA; in the glassy region the storage modulus increased by approx. 30 %. The tensile strength of the composite materials in the temperature range from 25 to 45 °C was similar to that of neat PLA. No marked decrease in molar mass of PLA in the composites occurred during processing in comparison to neat PLA. Moreover, thermogravimetry experiments demonstrated good thermal stability of the composites; 5 % weight loss occurred well above 300 °C. 相似文献
68.
Pavel Tlustoš Michal Hejcman Martin Hůlka Michaela Patáková Eva Kunzová Jiřina Száková 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(23):23561-23572
Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants. 相似文献
69.
The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and benzenes in de novo synthesis experiments have been studied on model fly ashes with a wide range of matrices. The model fly ash consisted of 18 selected matrices with the addition of CuCl(2) x 2H(2)O, activated charcoal and NaCl. The studied matrices were not restricted to the commonly investigated matrices with defined chemical composition (silica gel, alumina, florisil) and industrially produced adsorbents with silicate structures (diatomaceous earths), but also included natural occurring matrices (clays, kaolin, bentonite and feldspars). In addition fly ashes from a hazardous waste incinerator were included in the study for comparison. Differences in the isomer composition (homologue profiles and isomer patterns) of the substances formed by de novo synthesis experiments are discussed in dependence on the chemical composition of the studied matrices. The de novo synthesis experiments on matrices with silicate structures resulted in high concentration of mainly perchlorinated aromatic compounds while for other matrices in particular alkaline matrices a homologue shift to lower chlorinated homologues and lower formation rates were found. The paper discusses the resulting PCDD/PCDF pattern and compares them to the PCDD/PCDF profile found in naturally occurring kaolin and ball clay (illite). 相似文献
70.
Tadeusz Spychaj Ewa Fabrycy Stanislawa Spychaj Michal Kacperski 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2001,3(1):24-31
This paper describes the chemical degradation of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with polyamines or triethanolamine,
the characteristics of the products, and a search for ways to use these products. Solvolysis of the polymer ester bonds was
caused by diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and their mixtures, as well as mixtures of triethylenetetramine and p-phenylenediamine or triethanolamine. Products of aminolysis or aminoglycolysis of PET obtained in reactions performed at
200–210°C (with a molar ratio of the recurrent polymer unit to amine of 1 : 2) have been characterized using nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR). Viscosity and hydroxyl number measurements have been done for PET/triethanolamine products. Substances from
aminolytical reactions with polyamines were tested as hardeners for liquid epoxy resins, and the product of polymer aminoglycolysis
with triethanolamine was tested as an epoxy resin hardener, e.g., for water-borne paints, and a polyol component for rigid
polyurethane foams. The compositions of epoxy resin hardeners have been characterized using DSC and rheometry. Comparative
analyses of the hardened epoxy materials have been done on the basis of glass temperature and mechanical properties data,
as well as some specific properties of the coating materials and rigid polyurethane foams.
Received: September 15, 2000 / Accepted: September 21, 2000 相似文献