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61.
62.
Mikael van Deurs Jane W. Behrens Thomas Warnar John Fleng Steffensen 《Marine Biology》2011,158(8):1781-1789
The commercially and ecologically valuable sandeel (Ammodytes ssp.) make distinct vertical shifts between an inactive stage,
during which they seek refuge in the sand, and a pelagic schooling stage, during which they forage. This characteristic discontinuous
foraging pattern constitutes a challenge to fishery biologists and has consequences for a wide range of predators ranging
from birds and mammals to commercially important species. However, experimental studies that shed light on the primary drivers
of foraging activity in fish are rare. In the present study, whole schools of sandeel (A. tobianus) were caught in August in east Denmark (65°02′30N; 12°37′00E) and kept in large tanks in the laboratory. It was found that
the amount of food ingested and memory of past days feeding history are primary drivers of foraging activity at the level
of the entire school, whereas external factors such as prey concentration and temperature are merely secondary drivers. 相似文献
63.
Previous studies point out a large (untapped) potential for energy efficiency in industry through the adoption of energy management practices. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyze energy management practices in two different Swedish energy-intensive industries: the pulp and paper industry and the foundry industry. The results show that one third of the studied mills and about two fifths of the studied foundries do not allocate energy costs by means of sub-metering, which probably contributes to reinforce the split incentive problem. Moreover, about one fifth of the mills and about half of the foundries lack a long-term energy strategy. The results also show that only about 40% and 25% respectively of the studied mills and foundries may be categorized as successful when it comes to energy management practices. If energy management is not fully prioritized even in energy-intensive industries – such as the studied foundry and pulp- and paper industry it will, in all probability, not be prioritized in less energy-intensive industrial sectors or countries either, indicating a large untapped potential in regard to cleaner, more environmentally sound, production in the industrial sector. 相似文献
64.
The processes governing distribution of a xenobiotic compound discharged initially into the environment are discussed, and attention is drawn to (a) binding to organic matter in the sediment phase which affects both persistence and toxicity to biota and (b) the role of atmospheric transport for compounds of low water solubility and high vapour pressure. Important limitations in the use of sum parameters such as EOCI are pointed out. The important distinction between biodegradation and biotransformation is pointed out, and significant experimental determinants noted. Pathways for the aerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds are discussed, and attention is drawn to the role of O‐methylation as an environmentally significant alternative to biodegradation. Evidence for the biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic acids and hydrocarbons under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is presented. Anaerobic metabolism of chlorophenolic compounds is discussed with respect to (a) de‐O‐methylation of chloroguaiacols, (b) dechlorination of chlorocatechols and (c) reduction of chlorovanillins. It is emphasized that current evidence provides a complex metabolic picture, and that only partial dechlorination may occur. Brief attention is given to the important issue of the persistence of chlorolignin, and attention drawn to technical issues which render this problem difficult of access by traditional procedures. Biohalogenation—particularly by fungi—is noted, though its quantitative contribution cannot be estimated at the moment. A number of important unresolved issues are underscored: (a) the problem of determining rates of microbial reactions which may be translated to environmental situations, (b) the cardinal role not only of the number of chlorine atoms in an aromatic compound but also the substitution pattern and (c) limitations in current understanding of the role of anaerobic bacteria in bringing about biodegradation and biotransformation. 相似文献
65.
66.
Mikael Gillner Birgitta Fernstrm Jan-ke Gustafsson Jan Bergman Christian Cambillau 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12):1673-1680
We have investigated the capacity of various indoles to inhibit specific binding of [1,6-3H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
-dioxin ([3H]TCDD) in rat liver cytosol, as analyzed by electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. Of these indoles, indolo[3,2-
]carbazole was the most active. The IC50 value for TCDD receptor binding of indolo[3,2-
]carbazole as well as for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran was 3.6 nM. We have also studied the influence on binding exerted by introduction of some substituents on indolo[3,2-
]carbazole. Substitution with methyl groups at the 5 and 11 positions resulted in an increased affinity (IC50 1.2 nM) for the TCDD receptor as compared to the parent compound. Computer-supported molecular structure studies indicated that if the van der Waals radii of atoms are included, a rectangle of 6.8 × 13.7 Å may account for the binding of high-affinity ligands to the TCDD receptor. 相似文献
67.
68.
Sara??stlund-NilssonEmail author Mikael?Holmlund 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,53(4):214-220
We investigated whether female three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) are more attracted to a male whose nest contains colourful artificial material than to a nest that only contains algae. The purpose was to examine whether nest characters are of importance for female choice in the three-spined stickleback. Most studies on female preference in this species have focused on male morphological traits. In our study, on a marine population of three-spined stickleback on the West coast of Sweden, we found that males marked their nests' entrance with a deviant colour of algae — an apparent decoration. Moreover, males also decorated their nests with shiny and colourful foil sticks and spangles when provided with such, thereby apparently reducing the nest camouflage. In a mate choice experiment, females were more attracted to males with nests containing sticks and spangles than to males with undecorated nests. Nest decoration may be important for the evolution of paternal care in this species: if males advertise their paternal skills by ornamenting their nest they will receive more matings than males with dull nests. 相似文献
69.
In Finland, small forest lakes and rivers in the northern part of the country are more sensitive to acidic deposition than
other Finnish waters. In some lakes, acid-sensitive fish populations have declined. A nationwide survey of fishers showed
that, at present, the number of fishers whose primary fishing waters are affected by airborne acidification is negligible
compared to the estimated total number of adult fishers (1.1 million). The proportion of the fishers who mainly fish in water
types sensitive to airborne acidification is considerable, 3% for the rivers in northern Finland and 21% for small forest
lakes. There is general concern among fishers about the effects of acidification. Changes in the fishing waters are attributed
to acidification by 5–10% of the fishers, although in most cases other information about the fishing waters rules out acidification
as an explanation for the changes. Among those who fish in sensitive types of waters, a willingness to mitigate potential
damages was reported by approximately one third of all fishers. Clear differences in the willingness to rehabilitate the fishery
were observed in relation to the importance of fishing as a spare time activity and the distance between the fishing waters
and a home or summer cottage. 相似文献
70.
Juha Peltomaa Mikael Hildén Suvi Huttunen 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2020,22(2):268-280
ABSTRACTDuring policy change, the role of the actors communicating the change to different audiences is accentuated. The media plays an increasing role, either as an actor or by providing a stage for other actors. In particular, specialised journals represent an influential, albeit understudied, sphere of policy studies. We use the narrative policy framework complemented with frame analysis to trace how specialised media can affect policy implementation through implicit suggestions for action. Using this combined approach, we analyse how specialised forest journals, which are the most important forest information source for Finnish forest owners, have conveyed the renewal of forest legislation in Finland. The core message of the journals is that forest owners should, despite their new freedom granted by the reform, rely on experts rather than experimenting when managing their forests. This suggests that the media contributes to a path-dependent continuation of a forest policy that is based on a rationalistic exploitation ethos. The innovative potential, which the policy change aimed at encouraging, is thereby partially undermined. However, the analysis of the narratives also reveals that forest expertise and professionalism are diversifying. This notion is important as diversity can eventually lead to narratives supporting more fundamental change in forests management. 相似文献