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771.
Armijo de Vega C Ojeda Benítez S Ramírez Barreto ME 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(Z1):S21-S26
Integrated waste management systems are one of the greatest challenges for sustainable development. For these systems to be successful, the first step is to carry out waste characterization studies. In this paper are reported the results of a waste characterization study performed in the Campus Mexicali I of the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC). The aim of this study was to set the basis for implementation of a recovery, reduction and recycling waste management program at the campus. It was found that the campus Mexicali I produces 1ton of solid wastes per day; more than 65% of these wastes are recyclable or potentially recyclable. These results showed that a program for segregation and recycling is feasible on a University Campus. The study also showed that the local market for recyclable waste, under present conditions - number of recycling companies and amounts of recyclables accepted - can absorb all of these wastes. Some alternatives for the potentially recyclables wastes are discussed. Finally some strategies that could be used to reduce waste at the source are discussed as well. 相似文献
772.
Arcos D Grandia F Domènech C Fernández AM Villar MV Muurinen A Carlsson T Sellin P Hernán P 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,102(3-4):196-209
The KBS-3 underground nuclear waste repository concept designed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) includes a bentonite buffer barrier surrounding the copper canisters and the iron insert where spent nuclear fuel will be placed. Bentonite is also part of the backfill material used to seal the access and deposition tunnels of the repository. The bentonite barrier has three main safety functions: to ensure the physical stability of the canister, to retard the intrusion of groundwater to the canisters, and in case of canister failure, to retard the migration of radionuclides to the geosphere. Laboratory experiments (< 10 years long) have provided evidence of the control exerted by accessory minerals and clay surfaces on the pore water chemistry. The evolution of the pore water chemistry will be a primordial factor on the long-term stability of the bentonite barrier, which is a key issue in the safety assessments of the KBS-3 concept.In this work we aim to study the long-term geochemical evolution of bentonite and its pore water in the evolving geochemical environment due to climate change. In order to do this, reactive transport simulations are used to predict the interaction between groundwater and bentonite which is simulated following two different pathways: (1) groundwater flow through the backfill in the deposition tunnels, eventually reaching the top of the deposition hole, and (2) direct connection between groundwater and bentonite rings through fractures in the granite crosscutting the deposition hole. The influence of changes in climate has been tested using three different waters interacting with the bentonite: present-day groundwater, water derived from ice melting, and deep-seated brine. Two commercial bentonites have been considered as buffer material, MX-80 and Deponit CA-N, and one natural clay (Friedland type) for the backfill. They show differences in the composition of the exchangeable cations and in the accessory mineral content. Results from the simulations indicate that pore water chemistry is controlled by the equilibrium with the accessory minerals, especially carbonates. pH is buffered by precipitation/dissolution of calcite and dolomite, when present. The equilibrium of these minerals is deeply influenced by gypsum dissolution and cation exchange reactions in the smectite interlayer. If carbonate minerals are initially absent in bentonite, pH is then controlled by surface acidity reactions in the hydroxyl groups at the edge sites of the clay fraction, although its buffering capacity is not as strong as the equilibrium with carbonate minerals. The redox capacity of the bentonite pore water system is mainly controlled by Fe(II)-bearing minerals (pyrite and siderite). Changes in the groundwater composition lead to variations in the cation exchange occupancy, and dissolution–precipitation of carbonate minerals and gypsum. The most significant changes in the evolution of the system are predicted when ice-melting water, which is highly diluted and alkaline, enters into the system. In this case, the dissolution of carbonate minerals is enhanced, increasing pH in the bentonite pore water. Moreover, a rapid change in the population of exchange sites in the smectite is expected due to the replacement of Na for Ca. 相似文献
773.
Mutagenic and recombinagenic activity of airborne particulates, PM10 and TSP, organic extracts in the Drosophila wing-spot test 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dihl RR da Silva CG do Amaral VS Reguly ML de Andrade HH 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):47-52
The genotoxicity associated with air pollution in the city of Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), was assessed in November (spring) and January (summer). We applied the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster in its standard version with normal bioactivation (ST) and in its variant with increased cytochrome P450-dependent biotransformation capacity (HB). The data indicated the genotoxicity of TSP and PM10 collected in November, in both ST and HB crosses. The genotoxic activity of the PM10 material in the spring sample was exclusively associated with the induction of mitotic recombination, whereas the TSP genetic toxicity was due to both recombinational as well as point and/or chromosomal mutation events. Considering PM10 collected in January, a positive response--100% (17.10 m3/ml) concentration--was observed in the HB cross, which was not detected in the ST cross. 相似文献
774.
Kraigher H Al Sayegh Petkovsek S Grebenc T Simoncic P 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):31-45
Mycorrhiza is the main spatial and temporal linkage between different constituents in a forest ecosystem. The functional compatibility
and stress tolerance of ectomycorrhizal types is species specific, and therefore the information on the ectomycorrhizal community
structure can add to the understanding of processes in forest ecosystems and can also be applied as tools for bioindication
of pollution stress in forest soils. We have studied the effects of pollution (N and S) on trees and forest soils by: (1)
quantification of ECM types diversity as in situ indicators in forest stands, (2) determination and quantification of pollution-sensitive or -insensitive ECM types as passive
monitors, (3) root growth and development of ECM on nonmycorrhizal spruce seedlings, planted at the studied sites (active
monitors), and (4) ECM infection (a bioassay based on mycorrhizal inoculum potential) of seedlings in an experimental set-up
as ex situ testers. ECM species richness for Norway spruce trees (Picea abies) showed higher values in unpolluted sites than in polluted ones, while the differences were not significant for European
beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). As pollution-sensitive or -insensitive ECM species in spruce forests, we suggest Hydnum rufescens (sensitive) and Paxillus involutus (unsensitive). Mycorrhizal potential in Norway spruce seedlings as a bioassay for soil N and S pollution was effective, and
is suggested as an additional, standardized and widely comparable system in bioindication of soil pollution. 相似文献
775.
Budziak D Richard L Beltrame E Carasek E 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,127(1-3):435-444
Formation of trihalomethanes (THM) was monitored at the Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM) from the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. THM could be present because chlorinated effluents from disinfection are discharged from the different hatchery rooms. THM quantification was done through an analytical methodology using Purge&;Trap coupled with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector. Relative standard deviation (RSD), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for the methodology corresponded to the ranges of 8–17%; 0.01–0.03 μg L?1 and 0.03–0.08 μg L?1, respectively. Linear working range was of 0.1–8.0 μg L?1 for all compounds. Enrichment and recovery method was applied to evaluate possible matrix effects and the results varied from 71.2% to 107.9%. LCM was monitored between August and December, 2004. This study showed that THM did not increase with the increase in postlarvae production and also that the aquatic life and the surrounding environment were not affected. 相似文献
776.
The atmosphere is a particularly difficult analytical system because of the very low levels of substances to be analysed,
sharp variations in pollutant levels with time and location, differences in wind, temperature and humidity. This makes the
selection of an efficient sampling technique for air analysis a key step to reliable results. Generally, methods for volatile
organic compounds sampling include collection of the whole air or preconcentration of samples on adsorbents. All the methods
vary from each other according to the sampling technique, type of sorbent, method of extraction and identification technique.
In this review paper we discuss various important aspects for sampling of volatile organic compounds by the widely used and
advanced sampling methods. Characteristics of various adsorbents used for VOCs sampling are also described. Furthermore, this
paper makes an effort to comprehensively review the concentration levels of volatile organic compounds along with the methodology
used for analysis, in major cities of the world. 相似文献
777.
Holoubek I Klánová J Jarkovský J Kubík V Helesic J 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):564-571
A multimedia sampling of ambient air, wet deposition, surface water, sediment, soil and biota has been performed at Kosetice background observatory in the southern Czech Republic since 1988. An integrated monitoring approach was applied to assess the current state, anthropogenic impacts, and possible future changes of terrestrial and freshwater environments. Average PCB concentrations in the individual matrices calculated from ten years of sampling on multiple sites varied between 2 ng g(-1) in sediment and 7 ng g(-1) in soil or moss. DDT concentrations were lower in moss and needles (2 ng g(-1) and 4 ng g(-1), respectively) than in sediment (11 ng g(-1)) and soil (20 ng g(-1)), while the HCH level was higher in moss and needles (5 ng g(-1) and 6 ng g(-1), respectively) than in soil or sediment (1 ng g(-1) and 2 ng g(-1), respectively). The highest average level of PAHs was found in soil (600 ng g(-1)), while it was lower in needles (230 ng g(-1)), moss (210 ng g(-1)) or sediment (210 ng g(-1)). Time related trends of concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants in all matrices were investigated. Moss and needle trend patterns resembled those of the ambient air, showing a slight concentration decrease of all compounds, except for hexachlorobenzene. The soil, water and sediment concentrations showed a similar decrease of PAHs, PCBs, and HCHs, but there was no clear trend for DDTs and HCB. 相似文献
778.
Alonso R Elvira S Sanz MJ Gerosa G Emberson LD Bermejo V Gimeno BS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(3):473-480
A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites. 相似文献
779.
In field arsenic removal from natural water by zero-valent iron assisted by solar radiation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornejo L Lienqueo H Arenas M Acarapi J Contreras D Yáñez J Mansilla HD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):827-831
An in situ arsenic removal method applicable to highly contaminated water is presented. The method is based in the use of steel wool, lemon juice and solar radiation. The method was evaluated using water from the Camarones River, Atacama Desert in northern Chile, in which the arsenic concentration ranges between 1000 and 1300 μg L−1. Response surface method analysis was used to optimize the amount of zero-valent iron (steel wool) and the citrate concentration (lemon juice) to be used. The optimal conditions when using solar radiation to remove arsenic from natural water from the Camarones river are: 1.3 g L−1 of steel wool and one drop (ca. 0.04 mL) of lemon juice. Under these conditions, removal percentages are higher than 99.5% and the final arsenic concentration is below 10 μg L−1. This highly effective arsenic removal method is easy to use and inexpensive to implement. 相似文献
780.
Levels of perfluorochemicals in water samples from Catalonia,Spain: is drinking water a significant contribution to human exposure? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ericson I Nadal M van Bavel B Lindström G Domingo JL 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2008,15(7):614-619
Background, aim, and scope In recent years, due to a high persistence, biomagnification in food webs, presence in remote regions, and potential toxicity,
perfluorochemicals (PFCs) have generated a considerable interest. The present study was aimed to determine the levels of perfluorooctane
sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other PFCs in drinking water (tap and bottled) and river water samples
from Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain).
Materials and methods Municipal drinking (tap) water samples were collected from the four most populated towns in the Tarragona Province, whereas
samples of bottled waters were purchased from supermarkets. River water samples were collected from the Ebro (two samples),
Cortiella, and Francolí Rivers. After pretreatment, PFC analyses were performed by HPLC-MS. Quantification was done using
the internal standard method, with recoveries between 68% and 118%.
Results In tap water, PFOS and PFOA levels ranged between 0.39 and 0.87 ng/L (0.78 and 1.74 pmol/L) and between 0.32 and 6.28 ng/L
(0.77 and 15.2 pmol/L), respectively. PFHpA, PFHxS, and PFNA were also other detected PFCs. PFC levels were notably lower
in bottled water, where PFOS could not be detected in any sample. Moreover, PFHpA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFOS, PFOSA, and PFDA
could be detected in the river water samples. PFOS and PFOA concentrations were between <0.24 and 5.88 ng/L (<0.48 and 11.8 pmol/L)
and between <0.22 and 24.9 ng/L (<0.53 and 60.1 pmol/L), respectively.
Discussion Assuming a human water consumption of 2 L per day, the daily intake of PFOS and PFOA by the population of the area under evaluation
was calculated (0.78–1.74 and 12.6 ng, respectively). It was found that drinking water might be a source of exposure to PFCs
as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants.
Conclusions The contribution of drinking water (tap and bottled) to the human daily intake of various PFCs has been compared for the first
time with data from dietary intake of these PFCs. It was noted that in certain cases, drinking water can be a source of exposure
to PFCs as important as the dietary intake of these pollutants although the current concentrations were similar or lower than
those reported in the literature for surface water samples from a number of regions and countries.
Recommendations and perspectives Further studies should be carried out in order to increase the knowledge of the role of drinking water in human exposure to
PFCs. 相似文献