农药含钾废渣的热解动力学

通过XRF和XRD两种测试方法对农药含钾废渣的成分进行测定,结果显示,该废渣中含有大量的氯化钾,具有很大的资源化价值.采用热重分析法,在5、10、15、20 K.min-1线性升温速率下,研究了农药含钾废渣在空气气氛下的热解特性及热解动力学.以期为农药含钾废渣的资源化处理提供理论依据.结果表明,该废渣热解过程分为3个阶段,失重率分别为4.62%、7.69%和2.55%;且3个阶段的活化能E分别为83.53、128.48和138.17 kJ.mol-1,指前因子A分别为4.79×107、2.34×1010和6.46×107s-1.     

Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China

Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 (6.83 CNY = 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1. Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the largescale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10³ CNY·ha^?1, and the highest level was 1.21×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1.     

漳州市城市绿地表土磁性特征及其环境意义

为揭示土壤磁性物质的来源和成因,对漳州市城区4个不同绿地功能区土壤进行了环境磁学测定,并探讨其环境意义. 结果表明,土壤样品的磁化率(χ)平均值为302.77×10-8 m3/kg,频率磁化率(χ_fd)平均值为1.45%,不同绿地功能区土壤磁化率变化趋势为居住区绿地＞道路绿地＞单位附属绿地＞公园绿地.分析4种绿地功能区的频率磁化率可以得知,公园绿地存在超顺磁颗粒. 对单个采样点进行分析发现,磁化率与频率磁化率呈负相关,饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(Soft IRM)呈极显著正相关,饱和等温剩磁和硬剩磁(Hard IRM)的相关性不强,表明土壤磁化率的变化主要受亚铁磁性矿物控制,但也存在不完整反铁磁性物质的贡献,土壤磁化率的增强与工业排放、机动车尾气等人类活动有关.      

煤炭开采区生态损害补偿评估模型的构建与应用

煤炭开采区的生态补偿包括对生态损害的补偿、对厂商与居民负担的外部成本补偿以及对新资源和替代能源的开发补偿三部分.将煤炭开采区的生态损害补偿过程分为生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段.通过确定煤炭开采区生态损害补偿3个阶段的生态补偿目标,构建各阶段土地、植被和水环境生态损害补偿的评估模型,分别测算了完成生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段补偿目标所需的生态损害补偿总量和每t煤所需提取的生态损害补偿金额.      

基于解释结构模型的城乡结合部突发事件触发源研究

基于解释结构模型对城乡结合部突发事件触发因素进行分析,通过建立城乡结合部突发事件触发因素的关系结构模型,分析得到触发突发事件的表层影响因素、中层间接影响因素和深层根本影响因素。结果表明:人口因素是触发突发事件的深层根本因素,社会文化因素以及国家制度政策因素是中层影响因素,而土地因素、经济发展因素以及生态环境因素等是触发城乡结合部突发事件的表层因素。掌握这些因素,这在很大程度上会避免城乡结合部突发事件的发生,对政府的应急管理工作具有一定的参考价值。     

气井完整性概念初探及评价指标研究

针对目前国内外尚无明确的气井完整性概念和生产气井完整性评价指标体系的现状,分析了现有的关于气井完整性解释的不足,初步提出了气井完整性的概念,强调了气井完整性是气井处于地层流体发生无控制流动的风险在可接受范围之内的状态。并根据此概念,从完整性管理、屏障设备、监测状态三个方面,建立了气井完整性评价指标体系,分析了各个评价指标与气井完整性的关系。屏障设备完整性是气井完整性的核心,完整性管理是提高气井完整性的关键,监测状态是气井完整性最直接的判断依据。     

铝土尾矿杂质含量对刚玉-莫来石基复相材料使用性能的影响

以铝土矿尾矿为原料,采用酸浸除杂工艺,通过控制盐酸酸浸过程中的盐酸浓度与液固比,得到不同Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量的精矿,烧结合成了刚玉-莫来石基复相耐火材料。系统研究了不同的二元杂质组成对样条宏观形貌、微观形貌、物相组成、常温力学性能以及高温性能的影响,得到了最佳的盐酸浓度与浸出液固比。结果表明:当尾矿中Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量均<2.0%时,烧结样条的晶相含量及荷重软化温度较高;当杂质Fe₂O₃含量>2.0%且大幅增加时,烧结样条的非晶相含量迅速增加,烧结样条的高温性能下降但常温性能上升,控制烧结样条中的Fe₂O₃及K₂O的含量均<2%时,荷重软化温度保持在1400℃以上,达到市售NZ-45耐火砖的标准。     

Changes in CO2 flux for different recovery processes of desertification in the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan北大核心CSCD

Desertification has emerged as a serious threat to the alpine meadows of Northwest Sichuan in recent decades. Artificial vegetation had certain effects on desertification recovery, while how the CO2 flux changed and its reasons are still unclear. During the growing season in 2016 (i.e., from July to September), we selected the desertified alpine meadows with different recovery degrees, including the early stage of restoration, the middle stage of restoration, the late stage of restoration, and control (the unrecovered desertification meadow) as four transects. CO2 flux was measured by the instrument LI-8100, and the microenvironment factors that affected CO2 flux changes were analyzed. The results showed that the carbon sequestration function of desertified alpine meadows gradually increased with the degree of recovery. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were -1.61, -3.55, and -4.38 μmol m-2 s-1 in the early, mid-term, and late transects, respectively, and the most dramatic changes occurred from the early stage to mid-term stage, increasing by 120.50%. Both ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil respiration (SR) were enhanced significantly with restoration (P < 0.05). In mid or late July, NEE, ER, and SR reached their maximum values, and thereafter, the indicators varied to near zero (P < 0.05). During the whole growing season, the daily dynamic in CO2 flux for the control alpine meadow was mild and retained the trend of continuous release all day, but that in the desertified alpine meadow was a single peak pattern. Moreover, with restoration process, the peak of CO2 flux increased and reached a peak in the late stage of the recovery process. The regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CO2 flux and vegetation coverage, aboveground biomass, and soil moisture (0-5 cm) (P < 0.01), and a weak correlation with 0-5-cm soil temperature (P < 0.01). This indicates that topsoil moisture (5 cm) is a more significant factor for CO2 flux than topsoil temperature during the growing season in the restoration of desertified alpine meadows in Northwest Sichuan. In general, the vegetation recovery significantly improved the carbon-sequestration ability of the desertified alpine meadows during the growing season in Northwest Sichuan, and at the middle stage of restoration, the carbon-sequestration ability improved significantly due to vegetation restoration and increase in topsoil (0-5 cm) moisture. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Rapid dephosphorylation of glyphosate by Cu-catalyzed sulfite oxidation involving sulfate and hydroxyl radicals

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum toxic herbicide that has entered the environment. Advanced oxidation processes efficiently remove various persistent organic...     

膨润土团粒的压实性能研究

高放核废料深地质处置中,膨润土缓冲/回填材料需要满足低渗透性要求,实现阻滞地下水入渗和放射性核素泄漏的目标。增强膨润土防渗能力的常规方法是采用增大压实功提高其密实度,但该方法十分耗时耗能。为此,尝试从调整膨润土团(颗)粒级配角度,探究提高压实度的有效方法。首先,配置不同团粒级配和初始含水率的膨润土试样,再利用压力机压实到45 kN;最后,采用液氮冻干法干燥不同状态的试样,通过压汞仪获得其孔隙分布曲线。结果表明:相同压实荷载下(45 kN),干密度随含水率呈先增大后减小的整体变化趋势,含水率约为20%时压实效果最佳,其中O-B组合与A-B-3组合具有双峰特征;另外,通过调整团粒级配,压实效果显著提升,最大干密度由1.64 g/cm-3提高到1.72 g/cm³,其中A-B-3团粒组合效果最好。孔隙分布曲线表明,压实荷载只能压缩-3.59~0.188 μm-范围的孔隙,而对26 nm左右的孔隙没有影响。当含水率超过20%时,依靠增大压实荷载不能提高其压实度,但当改变团粒组合后,却可以有效提高其压实性能。