高速列车运行中火灾状态结构安全分析

为了分析高速列车火灾时在紧急制动以后运行的安全性,选取列车在隧道内运行的场景,通过FDS软件模拟得到火灾后车体内温度场,基于一维热传导理论得到车体结构的温度场分布,在车体结构材料本构中考虑高温对强度及刚度的弱化影响,通过ABAQUS计算列车在最大压缩载荷和拉伸载荷作用下的应力分布和垂向位移。通过分析得到车体大面积温度在500℃左右;最大压缩载荷下车体底架前部构件出现断裂失效,底架中间出现裂纹,中间的垂向位移在42～80 mm之间,最大拉伸载荷下车体损伤略小,车体未出现断裂,底架前部和中间的垂向位移在40～50 mm范围内;底架中间高温是导致断裂失效的最主要原因,在隔热设计中需要对此重点考虑。     

新型防突装置对封隔器胶筒力学性能影响研

为了进一步保证封隔器安全坐封,提高封隔器胶筒的力学性能,基于现有成熟技术,设计了一种新型防突装置,分析了不同防突装置材料和结构参数对封隔器胶筒肩部突出、接触应力、Von Mises应力的影响。结果表明:新型封隔器肩部突出距离相比常规封隔器降低了63.35%,使胶筒不易被破坏,延长了胶筒的寿命;对防突装置材料和结构参数进行优选,选择材料为铝合金,距胶筒端面距离H=2.5mm,厚度B=0.5mm的新型防突装置;新型防突装置的设计与应用为封隔器坐封提供了安全保障。     

北京2009~2010年冬、春季PM2.5污染特征

针对北京地区冬季和春季PM_2.5污染特征进行研究.于2009年12月～2010年5月在城市点采集24h 大气颗粒物样品,进行颗粒物主要化学组分分析.冬季和春季颗粒物的平均质量浓度分别为（84.97±68.98）μg/m³和（65.25±45.76）μg/m³.冬季和春季颗粒物中二次组分（SNA+SOA）有重要贡献,二次组分分别占颗粒物质量浓度的49%和47%.冬春季重污染时期较强的源排放和低温、低风速、高相对湿度等不利的气象特征使得颗粒物中二次无机离子SNA（NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-）的比重较干净天明显上升,其中硝酸盐贡献的增强最为显著.同时冬春季有机物中二次有机组分贡献显著.而受一次源的影响,冬春季重污染时期一次有机物的增强.     

Effects of freshwater leaching on potential bioavailability of heavy metals in tidal flat soils

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Leaching experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of desalination levels and sediment depths on potential bioavailability of heavy metal (Cd,...     

个人护理用品(PCPs)的生态毒性和处理工艺效果研究进展

个人护理用品的大量使用导致其生产量和排放量也日渐增加,会不可避免地进入环境,对生态环境和人体健康产生影响。本文归纳整理了个人护理用品的分类,总结了其中代表化合物对水生生物的生态毒性研究现状,分析比较了主要废水处理工艺技术对个人护理用品的去除效果,为今后对这类物质的生态毒性和处理工艺研究提供参考。     

H_2O_2致大鼠RTE细胞系氧化应激作用及GSH保护作用的体外研究

许多具有氧化作用的空气污染物,均能使细胞产生氧化损伤,使胸腺基质淋巴生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)含量上升。而TSLP是一种启动过敏性炎症的重要因子,会导致哮喘等疾病发生率的上升。在本研究中用过氧化氢(H_2O_2)模拟具有氧化作用的空气污染物进行染毒,研究细胞氧化应激水平的变化,并讨论还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对细胞受氧化损伤的保护作用。将大鼠支气管上皮细胞(RTE)分组培养,每组设置6个平行实验,分别用低、中、高剂量H_2O_2染毒3 h;高剂量设置1个重复,作为保护组,在染毒前用GSH保护2 h。结果显示,高剂量组H_2O_2(3.2 mmol·L~(~(-1)))染毒的细胞,其细胞活力下降(P0.01),丙二醛(MDA)水平上升(P0.01),TSLP水平上升(P0.05),与之相比,用GSH保护后的同剂量染毒组,上述指标得到全面缓解(P0.01)。这表明高浓度的H_2O_2会损伤细胞活力,并使MDA及TSLP水平上升,而GSH对TSLP及MDA的升高有极显著的抑制作用,即对细胞有一定的保护作用。     

新生鼠PFOS低剂量慢暴露对成年后神经行为的影响

为观察新生鼠全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)低剂量慢暴露对其成年后神经行为和海马组织影响,选取出生后5-7 d雄性SD幼鼠80只,按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照组(Con)、低剂量组(P5)、中剂量组(P10)、高剂量组(P20),每组各20只。从PND7开始染毒,共染毒12周,动态记录体重,并进行水迷宫、旷场实验、滚轮实验观察神经行为变化,同时取材进行HE染色,观察海马形态学改变。结果显示与Con组比较,P20组染毒8 d后出现体重增长减缓(P0.05),4周时P10和P20组死亡率明显升高;并且P10、P20组在4周,P5组在8周时,水迷宫实验逃逸潜伏期延长,目标象限停留时间缩短;P10、P20组大鼠在4周,P5组在8周时,旷场实验中央格停留时间延长,站立次数减少,行走总距离缩短;滚轮试验中,对照组和P5组肢体运动协调能力无显著性差异。P5组在染毒12周时出现海马神经元排列紊乱,胞核固缩及胞体胀大,CA1区细胞和齿状回闩区神经前体细胞数量明显少于Con组(P0.01)。上述结果表明,大鼠幼年PFOS低剂量慢暴露可损害其成年后空间学习记忆及自主探究能力,这种损害可能与海马神经元发生不足有关     

OECD鱼类生物蓄积测试的优化策略研究

作为化学品风险管理中的重要环境行为参数,生物蓄积性不仅是分类、标签、评价和控制环境风险的基本指标,也是鉴别化学物质持久性和环境危害性的重要标准。2012年OECD颁布了新的生物蓄积测试方法,由此给生物蓄积优化策略带来了全新的挑战,原有的判别优化策略的方法需要作出新的发展与调整。针对新生物蓄积测试方法引发的优化策略挑战,通过层次研究及文献分析,归纳了基于OECD新305生物蓄积测试标准的优化测试策略,为优化、简化测试及化学品安全管理提供了科学基础。     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

Wastewater-nitrogen removal using polylactic acid/starch as carbon source: Optimization of operating parameters using response surface methodology

The use of PLA/starch blends for nitrogen removal was achieved. The influence of different operating parameters on responses was verified using RSM. The conditions for desired responses were successfully optimized simultaneously. Blends material may have a promising application prospect in the future. Nitrogen removal from ammonium-containing wastewater was conducted using polylactic acid (PLA)/starch blends as carbon source and carrier for functional bacteria. The exclusive and interactive influences of operating parameters (i.e., temperature, pH, stirring rate, and PLA-to-starch ratio (PLA proportion)) on nitrification (Y₁), denitrification (Y₂), and COD release rates (Y₃) were investigated through response surface methodology. Experimental results indicated that nitrogen removal could be successfully achieved in the PLA/starch blends through simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The carbon release rate of the blends was controllable. The sensitivity of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ to different operating parameters also differed. The sequence for each response was as follows: for Y₁, pH>stirring rate>PLA proportion>temperature; for Y₂, pH>PLA proportion>temperature>stirring rate; and for Y₃, stirring rate>pH>PLA proportion>temperature. In this study, the following optimum conditions were observed: temperature, 32.0°C; pH 7.7; stirring rate, 200.0 r·min^-1; and PLA proportion, 0.4. Under these conditions, Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were 134.0 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, 160.9 μg-N·g-blend^-1·h^-1, and 7.6 × 10³ μg-O·g-blend^-1·h^-1, respectively. These results suggested that the PLA/starch blends may be an ideal packing material for nitrogen removal.