基于ELCOM-CAEDYM模型的太湖蓝藻水华早期预测探讨

结合太湖蓝藻水华形成的"四阶段理论", 基于澳大利亚西澳大学水研究中心开发的ELCOM-CAEDYM耦合模型框架构建了太湖水华蓝藻生态动力学模型,对蓝藻水华的形成进行模拟,分析了太湖蓝藻水华早期预测的可行性.结果表明:该模型在较长时间尺度上对春季复苏阶段及生长上浮阶段蓝藻水华的形成模拟效果较好,蓝藻生物量模拟值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在1.0%~70.4%,平均误差为28.0%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在3.8%~83.9%,平均误差40.5%;但越冬阶段蓝藻生物量模拟输出值与站点调查值的误差变化范围在3.0%~143.6%,平均误差为40.1%,与MODIS卫星反演值的误差变化范围在9.7%~118.4%,平均误差为48.8%,表明模型对蓝藻越冬过程模拟能力还不强,应在蓝藻越冬机制模拟计算方面进一步改进,以满足蓝藻水华早期预测的需要.     

紫外光氧化系统处理城市污水厂的恶臭气体

采用自主研发的紫外光氧化除臭系统处理某污水处理厂曝气沉砂池产生的恶臭气体.系统考察了空塔停留时间、进口恶臭物质浓度、紫外辐射照度等因素对系统除臭效果和臭氧产生的影响,并对恶臭物质去除和臭氧产生过程分别进行了动力学分析.结果表明,在空塔停留时间1.5 s,平均紫外辐射照度1664μW.cm-2,H2S进口浓度为35 mg.m-3,NH3进口浓度为0.26 mg.m-3的条件下,H2S和NH3的去除率分别可达到为34.3%和53.8%.紫外光氧化反应器对H2S和NH3的去除速率随紫外辐射照度增大而线性增加,随进口浓度增加而增大且趋近于某极限值.反应器臭氧产生速率随进口恶臭物质浓度增加而线性减小,随紫外辐射照度增加而增大且趋近于某极限值.动力学分析和计算的结果表明,本研究建立的数学关系式可以较好地定量描述恶臭物质浓度以及紫外辐射照度对恶臭物质去除速率和臭氧产生速率的影响.     

热解底泥对两种氟喹诺酮类抗生素和双酚A的吸附

将滇池断桥底泥在不同炭化温度(200℃—500℃)下制成热解底泥,用元素分析仪表征其元素组成.以诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)和双酚A(BPA)为代表化合物,研究人工合成有机污染物在热解底泥上的吸附行为,从而深入了解热解底泥的吸附特性以及其施用对有机污染物的环境行为和风险的影响.结果表明,热解底泥随炭化温度的增加,芳香性升高,极性降低,阳离子交换量降低,对NOR、OFL和BPA的吸附非线性增强.热解底泥的吸附性能比原始底泥更强,随炭化温度的升高,对NOR的吸附依次减弱,对OFL的吸附变化不大,对BPA的吸附依次增强,这与热解底泥极性和阳离子交换量,以及吸附质的极性相关.在原始底泥和热解底泥上,NOR和OFL的吸附均明显强于BPA,这主要因为NOR和OFL与底泥中无机矿物组分可通过阳离子交换作用和阳离子桥接作用使其吸附强于BPA,并且NOR和OFL相比于BPA官能团多且复杂.     

滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

2012年,每两个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,滴水湖水系∑PAHs变化范围为74.03~579.20ng/g,平均值为272.55ng/g.其中,闸外引水河[(407.64±6.90)ng/g]≈闸内引水河[(427.99±213.84)ng/g]>滴水湖[(156.33±62.00)ng/g].研究区各点蒽/(蒽+菲)比值均大于0.1,说明PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧源.生态风险评价表明,滴水湖水系沉积物PAHs不存在严重的生态风险,但闸外和闸内引水河沉积物PAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,湖区沉积物PAHs则无潜在风险.     

城市地表系统POPs多介质循环过程与模拟研究进展

城市地表系统(USS)是陆地表层系统的重要组成部分,而以不透水面覆盖为主要特征的城市土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)时空过程,打破了系统原有自然地理格局与过程,影响不同介质和界面间的物质循环与能量流动,改变POPs等污染物的循环过程与机理,是城市环境变化和人地相互作用的指示器与重要驱动力,是城市生态环境规划与管理保护的关键依据.本文总结了城市LUCC对POPs多介质分布迁移的影响,包括单介质中POPs的时空分布特征和POPs多介质迁移累积过程;从城市POPs多介质归趋模拟和基于GIS的城市多介质归趋模拟等方面,讨论了城市POPs多介质循环过程归趋模拟的主要进展;展望今后研究中需要重点解决的科学问题:基于不透水面的城市LUCC信息精确提取及与POPs排放输入等相关数据的同化集成; POPs多介质多界面迁移、转化过程与城市LUCC的耦合机理;城市LUCC背景下POPs循环过程、机制的关键模型参数的构建与获取;基于GIS和城市POPs循环过程与机理的、具有高时空分辨率的城市多介质归趋模型(UMFM)的构建与应用.     

Selective recovery of Cu, Zn, and Ni from acid mine drainage

In Korea, the heavy metal pollution from about 1,000 abandoned mines has been a serious environmental issue. Especially, the surface waters, groundwaters, and soils around mines have been contaminated by heavy metals originating from acid mine drainage (AMD) and mine tailings. So far, AMD was considered as a waste stream to be treated to prevent environmental pollutions; however, the stream contains mainly Fe and Al and valuable metals such as Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this study, Visual MINTEQ simulation was carried out to investigate the speciation of heavy metals as functions of pH and neutralizing agents. Based on the simulation, selective pH values were determined to form hydroxide or carbonate precipitates of Cu, Zn, and Ni. Experiments based on the simulation results show that the recovery yield of Zn and Cu were 91 and 94 %, respectively, in a binary mixture of Cu and Zn, while 95 % of Cu and 94 % of Ni were recovered in a binary mixture of Cu and Ni. However, the recovery yield and purity of Zn and Ni were very low because of similar characteristics of Zn and Ni. Therefore, the mixture of Cu and Zn or Cu and Ni could be recovered by selective precipitation via pH adjustment; however, it is impossible to recover selectively Zn and Ni in the mixture of them.     

A GIS-based moving window analysis of landscape pattern in the Beijing metropolitan area,China

Quantifying landscape pattern and its change is essential for monitoring and assessment of ecological consequences of urbanization. Using the GIS-based land-use data for 2002, we combined moving window analysis along an urban-rural gradient and around the urban centre with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial pattern of urbanization in Beijing. The results of moving window analysis along the urban-rural gradient indicated that, for class-level metrics, the spatial pattern of urbanization could be quantified using landscape metrics, different land-use types exhibited distinctive spatial signatures, and, for landscape-level metrics, the increase in urbanization in the metropolitan Beijing region has resulted in dramatic increases in patch density (PD), edge density (ED), and patch and landscape shape complexity, and sharp decreases in the largest and mean patch size (MPS), agriculture land-use type, and landscape connectivity. The results of moving window analysis around the urban centre showed that the direction of urbanization could be quantified using the class-level metrics, and landscape-level metrics indicated similar results to gradient analysis. In general, moving window analysis showed that the increasingly urbanized landscape became compositionally more diverse, geometrically more complex, and ecologically more fragmented.     

The effect of macrophytes on retention times in a constructed wetland for wastewater treatment

Retention times of treated water in a constructed wetland (CW) with horizontal subsurface flow were determined both in the vegetative and non-vegetative periods of 2005. Tracer experiments were performed using fluorescein, an organic compound detectable at extremely low concentrations. Nominal and tracer retention times were determined and compared. Winter tracer retention time (TRT 194 h) and nominal retention time (nHRT 190 h) were nearly exactly equal, while summer TRT (335 h) was approximately twofold higher than nHRT (158 h). Residence time distribution function (RTD) was used to compare retention times obtained for the vegetative and non-vegetative periods. The obtained results document a significant influence of dense common reed vegetation on retention characteristics of the studied system. Common reed can convert a significant volume of water from liquid to gas via evapotranspiration (ET) and thus prolong water retention times in the system. This is very important both technically and ecologically. Longer retention times mean a longer time for microbiological decay of wastewater. Water converted from liquid to gas causes cooling of the microclimate, which is very important, especially in intensively cultivated areas with a lack of water.     

活性氧参与多壁碳纳米管诱导的RAW264.7细胞毒性

碳纳米管以其独特的结构和性能,在生物医药和电子等领域广泛应用,而其生态安全性也成为科学界关注的焦点。为探究多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)诱导的细胞毒性机制,将小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(RAW264.7)暴露于6个浓度梯度(0、25、50、100、150和200μg.mL-1)的MWCNTs中,应用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定细胞存活率,用2’,7’-二氯荧光素二乙酸(DCFH-DA)荧光染色法测定细胞内活性氧的生产量,用流式细胞方法测定MWCNTs对细胞周期的影响。同时使用抗氧化剂氮乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)验证MWCNTs诱导的细胞氧化损伤的作用机理。结果显示,MWCNTs对RAW264.7的细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性。暴露于不同浓度的MWCNTs(25、50、100、150和200μg.mL-1)下24h后,细胞活力分别为对照的74%、62%、59%、51%和45%。MWCNTs对RAW264.7的周期阻滞作用主要发生在G0/G1期。200μg.mL-1的MWCNTs处理3h后活性氧较对照组上升6.6倍。NAC对MWCNTs细胞毒作用有明显的抑制作用,且NAC能减弱MWCNTs对RAW264.7的细胞周期阻滞作用。研究表明,活性氧能够介导MWCNTs对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的损伤,并且MWCNTS通过细胞周期G0/G1期的阻滞,诱导细胞凋亡。     

Emission factors of gaseous carbonaceous species from residential combustion of coal and crop residue briquettes

Experiments were performed to measure the emission factors (EFs) of gaseous carbonaceous species, such as CO₂, CO, CH₄, and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), from the combustion of five types of coal of varying organic maturity and two types of biomass briquettes under residential burning conditions. Samples were collected in stainless steel canisters and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges and were analyzed by GC-FID/MS and HPLC, respectively. The EFs from crop residue briquette burning were generally higher than those from coals, with the exception of CO₂. The dominant NMVOC species identified in coal smoke were carbonyls (41.7%), followed by C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons (29.1%) and aromatics (12.1%), while C2 unsaturated hydrocarbons were the dominant species (68.9%) emitted from the combustion of crop residue briquettes, followed by aromatics (14.4%). A comparison of burning normal crop residues in stoves and the open field indicated that briquettes emitted a larger proportion of ethene and acetylene. Both combustion efficiency and coal organic maturity had a significant impact on NMVOC EFs from burning coal: NMVOC emissions increased with increasing coal organic maturity but decreased as the combustion efficiency improved. Emissions from the combustion of crop residue briquettes from stoves occurred mainly during the smoldering process, with low combustion efficiency. Therefore, an improved stove design to allow higher combustion efficiency would be beneficial for reducing emissions of carbonaceous air pollutants.