Ecosystem service tradeoff between traditional and modern agriculture: a case study in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China

Besides crops, agriculture supplies all three major categories of ecosystem services (ES). However, agriculture also supplies an array of ecosystem dis-services (EDS) that may harm other ecosystems. The flows of ES and EDS are directly dependent on the management of agricultural ecosystems. The traditional method of Chinese agriculture, which supports sustainable agriculture, has been proven to increase ES and reduce EDS. However, there is a lack of a detailed understanding of the ES and EDS associated with traditional agriculture, and also of differences between traditional and modern agriculture. In this study, an investigation was conducted on the ecosystem services (ES) and ecosystem dis-services (EDS) of traditional and modern agriculture in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China. Afterwards, the economic values of ES and EDS were quantified experimentally and calculated based on the market price. The results show that: the net economic value of traditional rice-fish agriculture was 3.31×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 (6.83 CNY = 1 USD as of July, 2009) and that of rice monoculture was 1.99×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1. Significant differences existed between traditional rice-fish and rice monoculture fields for their economic values of some ES or EDS. A benefit and cost analysis (BCA) model was used to adjust the conflict between the economic income and environmental loss from traditional and modern agriculture. The BCA model not only calculates the net income but also monetizes the EDS of the agricultural systems. The results showed that the net income of rice-fish agriculture was 1.94×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1 higher than that of rice monoculture. However, the benefit to cost ratio (BCR) of rice-fish agriculture was lower than that of rice monoculture, indicating that the traditional agricultural model was not the most optimized choice for farmers. The value of the rice-fish agriculture was much higher than that of the rice monoculture. Thus, when considering the benefits that rice-fish agriculture contributes to the largescale society, these agricultural methods needs to be utilized. Furthermore, the labor opportunity costs were calculated and the comprehensive value of rice monoculture was negative. Finally, the compensation standard was calculated based on the comprehensive benefit analysis. The lowest level was 1.09×10³ CNY·ha^?1, and the highest level was 1.21×10⁴ CNY·ha^?1.     

中试MBBR装置强化氨氮去除速率的影响条件研究

采用中试MBBR组合工艺处理深圳市布吉河道的城镇污水,进水平均氨氮浓度为(25.88±7.73)mg/L,出水平均为(1.11±1.93)mg/L.单因素小试研究表明,反应器中挂有生物膜的悬浮填料具有强化氨氮去除的效果,投加该填料时获得的比氨氧化速率比采用活性污泥进行反应提高了25.5%;试验条件下通过投加甲醇将COD从139mg/L提高至587mg/L,比氨氧化速率从2.55mg/(gMLVSS·h)下降至1.91mg/(gMLVSS·h);当MLVSS浓度从0.45g/L逐步提高到4.05g/L时,容积氨氧化速率从3.68mg/(L·h)线性增加至7.82mg/(L?h),拟合度R2为0.967,但比氨氧化速率随MLVSS浓度的提高反而逐渐下降,从8.24mg/(gMLVSS·h)降至1.93mg/(gMLVSS·h);当温度从5℃升高到35℃,比氨氧化速率从0.99mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.89mg/(gMLVSS·h),采用Arrhenius经验方程描述时,拟合度R2为0.970;当DO浓度从0.5mg/L逐步增加至4.0mg/L时,比氨氧化速率从0.62mg/(gMLVSS·h)提高至2.28mg/(gMLVSS·h),Monod方程可以很好的描述DO浓度与比氨氧化速率之间的关系,拟合度R2为0.994,氨氧化半饱和常数值为3.0mg O2/L.     

石灰稳定化污泥恶臭物质释放特征研究

利用污泥-石灰高效混合器制备5%、10%、15%石灰添加量的稳定化污泥,应用Jerome 631-X型便携式硫化氢测定仪、静态吸收等试验方法,分别研究了不同石灰添加比例下污泥还原性硫化物(RSCs)和氨(NH3)的释放特征,并对臭度进行了评价.结果表明:污泥中添加石灰后,RSCs体现出缓释特征;石灰稳定化污泥RSCs的释放量下降明显,连续监测380min后,石灰稳定化污泥处理的RSCs产生量相比等质量原泥处理降低了约85%;恒温培养24h,石灰稳定化污泥的NH3释放量(5.03×10-4mol)相比等质量原泥处理(7.00×10-6mol)提高了约72倍,明显促进了污泥氮向氨气的转化和释放.向污泥中添加少量工业石灰,均匀混合条件下,污泥的臭味强度明显降低,基本达到了抑制恶臭的目的.     

昆明主城合流污水调蓄池截污效能模拟

为评估昆明市计划首批建设二环路内16座合流污水调蓄池(规模为21.3×104 m3)的环境效益,采用构建降雨径流管理模型(SWMM)模拟调蓄池的运行情况,对其截污效能进行分析. 结果表明,2008年的113场降雨中,调蓄池共截流污水量1 868.73×104 m3,COD_Cr、TN、TP污染负荷的截流量分别为5 195.28、810.76、68.78 t,污水截流量占合流污水溢流量的11.18%. 昆明主城调蓄池是在充分利用和衔接已建、在建的排水管网收集系统和污水处理设施的基础上设计的,调蓄池效能受既定配套条件、场地、降雨特征等的多重影响,建议加大调蓄池和污水处理厂的联动性,并采取集中调蓄截流为主、分散式面源治理为辅的策略,综合防治初期雨水径流污染和合流污水溢流污染.      

漳州市城市绿地表土磁性特征及其环境意义

为揭示土壤磁性物质的来源和成因,对漳州市城区4个不同绿地功能区土壤进行了环境磁学测定,并探讨其环境意义. 结果表明,土壤样品的磁化率(χ)平均值为302.77×10-8 m3/kg,频率磁化率(χ_fd)平均值为1.45%,不同绿地功能区土壤磁化率变化趋势为居住区绿地＞道路绿地＞单位附属绿地＞公园绿地.分析4种绿地功能区的频率磁化率可以得知,公园绿地存在超顺磁颗粒. 对单个采样点进行分析发现,磁化率与频率磁化率呈负相关,饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(Soft IRM)呈极显著正相关,饱和等温剩磁和硬剩磁(Hard IRM)的相关性不强,表明土壤磁化率的变化主要受亚铁磁性矿物控制,但也存在不完整反铁磁性物质的贡献,土壤磁化率的增强与工业排放、机动车尾气等人类活动有关.      

煤炭开采区生态损害补偿评估模型的构建与应用

煤炭开采区的生态补偿包括对生态损害的补偿、对厂商与居民负担的外部成本补偿以及对新资源和替代能源的开发补偿三部分.将煤炭开采区的生态损害补偿过程分为生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段.通过确定煤炭开采区生态损害补偿3个阶段的生态补偿目标,构建各阶段土地、植被和水环境生态损害补偿的评估模型,分别测算了完成生态修复、生态恢复和生态平衡3个阶段补偿目标所需的生态损害补偿总量和每t煤所需提取的生态损害补偿金额.      

基于解释结构模型的城乡结合部突发事件触发源研究

基于解释结构模型对城乡结合部突发事件触发因素进行分析,通过建立城乡结合部突发事件触发因素的关系结构模型,分析得到触发突发事件的表层影响因素、中层间接影响因素和深层根本影响因素。结果表明:人口因素是触发突发事件的深层根本因素,社会文化因素以及国家制度政策因素是中层影响因素,而土地因素、经济发展因素以及生态环境因素等是触发城乡结合部突发事件的表层因素。掌握这些因素,这在很大程度上会避免城乡结合部突发事件的发生,对政府的应急管理工作具有一定的参考价值。     

气井完整性概念初探及评价指标研究

针对目前国内外尚无明确的气井完整性概念和生产气井完整性评价指标体系的现状,分析了现有的关于气井完整性解释的不足,初步提出了气井完整性的概念,强调了气井完整性是气井处于地层流体发生无控制流动的风险在可接受范围之内的状态。并根据此概念,从完整性管理、屏障设备、监测状态三个方面,建立了气井完整性评价指标体系,分析了各个评价指标与气井完整性的关系。屏障设备完整性是气井完整性的核心,完整性管理是提高气井完整性的关键,监测状态是气井完整性最直接的判断依据。     

铝土尾矿杂质含量对刚玉-莫来石基复相材料使用性能的影响

以铝土矿尾矿为原料,采用酸浸除杂工艺,通过控制盐酸酸浸过程中的盐酸浓度与液固比,得到不同Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量的精矿,烧结合成了刚玉-莫来石基复相耐火材料。系统研究了不同的二元杂质组成对样条宏观形貌、微观形貌、物相组成、常温力学性能以及高温性能的影响,得到了最佳的盐酸浓度与浸出液固比。结果表明:当尾矿中Fe₂O₃及K₂O含量均<2.0%时,烧结样条的晶相含量及荷重软化温度较高;当杂质Fe₂O₃含量>2.0%且大幅增加时,烧结样条的非晶相含量迅速增加,烧结样条的高温性能下降但常温性能上升,控制烧结样条中的Fe₂O₃及K₂O的含量均<2%时,荷重软化温度保持在1400℃以上,达到市售NZ-45耐火砖的标准。     

Tolerance of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) to pH value,pungency, and NaCl in foodstuffs北大核心CSCD

The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, has been considered impressive as a saprophagous insect, for its high ability to convert organic waste to insect protein and oil. Hence, it has been regarded by the municipal administration that BSF might be used as a medium to deal with food waste. However, food waste in China has been characterized as having a high salt content, oily, and very spicy, which usually renders them unsuitable for animal feeding. In order to assess the technological reliability for BSF conversion of food waste, the tolerance of BSF for pH values, pungency, and NaCl in food were investigated in this case. Results indicated that strong acidity (pH = 3) was not good for the development of BSF, demonstrating less body weight and eclosion failure. In contrast, strong basicity (pH = 11) seemed to be beneficial for larval development with high biomass, and there is no difference in pupation, eclosion, larval biomass, and livability for BSF for pH values between 5 and 11. With regards to salinity, liner correlations were observed; the salinity strength increased along with the extension of the larval phase, but body weight, pupation rate, emerging rate, and livability were still consistent under 6% density of salinity. Influence of pungency on BSF larvae has not yet been found. In conclusion, BSF showed a high tolerance to pH value, pungency, and salinity in foodstuffs. Hence, it is expected that food waste from common environments might have a lesser possibility to cause negative effects on BSF development, which could be good news for BSF conversion technology. As for the process design, the conclusion suggested that food waste optimum for BSF is expected to be alkaline and low-salt, which would be helpful to improve the efficiency and harvest. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.