Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

Mesoporous carbon nanomaterials induced pulmonary surfactant inhibition, cytotoxicity, inflammation and lung fibrosis

Environmental exposure and health risk upon engineered nanomaterials are increasingly concerned. The family of mesoporous carbon nanomaterials(MCNs) is a rising star in nanotechnology for multidisciplinary research with versatile applications in electronics,energy and gas storage, and biomedicine. Meanwhile, there is mounting concern on their environmental health risks due to the growing production and usage of MCNs. The lung is the primary site for particle invasion under environmental exposure to nanomaterials. Here, we studied the comprehensive toxicological profile of MCNs in the lung under the scenario of moderate environmental exposure. It was found that at a low concentration of 10 μg/mL MCNs induced biophysical inhibition of natural pulmonary surfactant. Moreover, MCNs at similar concentrations reduced viability of J774 A.1 macrophages and lung epithelial A549 cells.Incubating with nature pulmonary surfactant effectively reduced the cytotoxicity of MCNs.Regarding the pro-inflammatory responses, MCNs activated macrophages in vitro, and stimulated lung inflammation in mice after inhalation exposure, associated with lung fibrosis.Moreover, we found that the size of MCNs played a significant role in regulating cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of this nanomaterial. In general, larger MCNs induced more pronounced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects than their smaller counterparts. Our results provided valuable information on the toxicological profile and environmental health risks of MCNs, and suggested that fine-tuning the size of MCNs could be a practical precautionary design strategy to increase safety and biocompatibility of this nanomaterial.     

凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr (Ⅵ)的吸附

为考察凹凸棒黏土对水体和底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染治理与修复效果,通过实验室模拟试验,运用Langmuir和Frundlich等温吸附模型及准一级和准二级动力学模型,研究了天然凹凸棒黏土对水体中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性,并研究了pH对吸附过程的影响及凹凸棒黏土对底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）金属形态的影响,通过XRF（X-射线荧光光谱仪）和SEM（扫描电镜）确定凹凸棒黏土的化学组成和微观形貌结构.结果表明:天然凹凸棒黏土内部呈纤维状且多孔隙,成分中含有铁、铝、钙等元素,吸附后的材料中发现了Cr元素;Langmuir-Frundlich吸附等温模型（R2=0.996）和准一级动力学模型（R2=0.993）较好地拟合了凹凸棒黏土对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附热力学与动力学过程,动力学模拟的Cr（Ⅳ）平衡吸附量及实测值分别为1.38和1.37 mg/g.溶液pH对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附具有影响,其最佳pH为3,此时吸附率最高,为85.80%.研究显示,向底泥中添加凹凸棒黏土能促使Cr形态由不稳定态（酸溶态和铁铝还原态之和）向稳定态（可氧化态和残渣态之和）转化,从而达到修复底泥中Cr（Ⅵ）污染的目的.      

闲置厌氧氨氧化微生物的启动及微生物分析

文章以闲置12个月的厌氧氨氧化生物膜填料重新启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,并对反应器的活性恢复情况、脱氮效果和微生物菌群结构开展研究。实验结果表明:在启动的200 d逐渐将进水氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度从50 mg/L提高到70 mg/L,水力停留时间从12 h缩短到4 h,后期氨氮去除率达80%以上,亚硝酸盐去除率达95%。170~200 d的稳定期中,平均去除负荷0.71±0.15 kg/(m~3·d)。另外,通过高通量测序技术对反应器中微生物群落变化情况进行了系统分析。启动过程中填料中污泥微生物浮霉菌门Planctomyctes的相对丰度从13.7%增长到了36.0%,成为优势菌群。     

基于PLAXIS软件对燃气管道回填施工方案的安全性评估

为研究燃气管道回填施工过程中管道的受力情况,利用岩土有限元分析软件PLAXIS 3D,构建了地基-管道-回填材料-施工荷载的动力响应数值模型,设计了多种工况情景以及对应的施工机械动力荷载的数学表达形式,并对燃气管道回填施工各结构层压实过程中多种不利工况下管道的动力响应进行了数值模拟计算与分析,提出了管道安全性的评价准则并对管道的安全性进行了评估。结果表明:按照该回填施工方案,施工过程中管道的应力范围在35 MPa以内,管道压应变竖向位移小于5mm,管道处于安全范围。通过分析不同地基土体参数以及管道参数下管道的动力响应,得到了各影响因素对管道应力和位移的影响规律,可为深入了解管道在不同荷载作用下的动力响应及回填施工方案设计提供依据。     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放核算参数对排放量的影响研究

依据美国环保署颁布的储罐VOCs排放量核算公式,从环境参数、原油参数和储罐结构参数3个方面对外浮顶储罐VOCs排放的影响进行了研究,其中包括了边缘密封排放挂壁排放、浮盘附件排放和浮盘着陆期间排放等几个相关排放核算数学公式。结果表明:环境风速增大,环境温度升高或太阳辐射强度提高均导致排放量增大;原油温度升高或原油周转量增加也导致排放量增加;储罐直径增加,罐漆颜色浅,或者罐壁锈蚀情况好会降低VOCs排放量。     

外浮顶原油储罐VOCs泄漏损耗及排放量核算

介绍了国内外浮顶原油储罐VOCs泄漏损耗形式。结合美国环保署(EPA)发布的AP-42中第7章储罐的VOCs相关排放公式,建立了外浮顶原油储罐VOCs排放量核算的方法,并对核算方法的应用进行了举例分析,有助于掌握现阶段原油外浮顶储罐的泄漏损耗量,为推进企业绿色低碳发展,控制原油储罐VOCs总量排放提供参考。     

重庆市突发环境事件时空格局及影响研究

基于2009年-2015年重庆市突发环境事件统计数据,研究了重庆市近7年突发环境事件的动态变化趋势、空间分布格局及污染影响特征,讨论了引发突发环境事件内外部因素之间的关系.结果表明:重庆市7年内共发生突发环境事件134起,且呈波动下降趋势,春季和夏季为交通事故和自然灾害高发期;突发环境事件空间上主要集中在主城九区及相邻的区县,渝西、渝东南及渝东北各区县发生次数较少.道路交通事故、设备故障和操作不当是导致突发环境事件的主要因素,主要发生形式为泄漏.污染类型主要为水污染和水气复合污染,污染物出现频率大小为:油类>酸碱类>液氨>苯及其化合物>减水剂>其他各种污染物.     

延迟焦化装置含硫污水减量化实践

在分析160×10~4t/a延迟焦化装置含硫污水来源及减量化潜力基础上,通过采取优化加热炉注汽量、调整焦炭塔吹汽量、降低分馏塔汽提蒸汽量、回用含硫污水汽提净化水等管理和技术措施,装置节约了蒸汽消耗,源头减少了含硫污水产生量,增加了含硫污水汽提净化水回用量,年经济效益达460万元。     

铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍典型环境损伤研究

目的研究典型环境对丁腈橡胶-铝合金带垫卡箍的损伤效应。方法通过模拟铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍使用时的装配结构和应力状态,应用GJB 150A—2009中的湿热和太阳辐射两种典型老化环境,采用宏观形貌观察、卡箍保持力测试和橡胶衬垫拉伸性能测试方法,结合扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱技术,分析带垫卡箍的性能劣化过程。结果带垫卡箍在湿热和太阳辐射环境中老化50 d后,卡箍橡胶衬垫表面出现大量微孔缺陷,拉伸性能大幅降低,导致卡箍保持力分别下降了35%和51%。结论带垫卡箍在模拟装配状态下进行湿热和太阳辐射环境暴露实验,卡箍橡胶衬垫内部结构由致密逐渐变得疏松,部分碳碳双键发生氧化交联反应,并在一定程度上提高了聚合物的交联密度,材料硬度提高,回弹性能减弱,橡胶衬垫对芯轴的包裹能力降低,导致卡箍保持力性能降低。