淮河流域安徽段水体和沉积物微塑料赋存特征及风险评估

为探究淮河流域安徽段水体与沉积物微塑料赋存特征及生态风险级别,采用野外采样、体式显微镜、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）以及风险指数（H）和污染负荷指数（PLI）模型等方法,分析了流域水体和沉积物微塑料现状,并进行了微塑料生态风险评估.结果表明,流域各点位微塑料检测率为100%,表层水与沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为（39800±3367） n ·m^-3和（5078±447） n ·kg^-1,下游微塑料平均丰度要高于上游和中游.水体和沉积物微塑料粒径以20~150 μm为主,占比分别为82.96%和80.77%.微塑料形状主要为纤维（水体76.05%、沉积物84.53%）、薄膜（水体21.83%、沉积物15.43%）和碎片（水体2.12%、沉积物0.04%）.水体和沉积物中微塑料主要以透明颜色为主,占比分别为63.31%和83.69%.水体和沉积物主要以聚乙烯（水体65.74%、沉积物80.62%）和聚丙烯（水体18.43%、沉积物9.71%）为主,微塑料主要来源于农业薄膜、废弃渔具渔网和港口人为废弃的塑料袋.微塑料风险指数（H）模型评估表明部分点位风险指数较高,淮河流域安徽段微塑料风险等级为Ⅱ级,污染负荷指数（PLI）模型评估表明流域地表水体和沉积物总体上生态风险较低.     

美国州法中的内径流水权及其优先权日问题

美国水资源的所有权属于各州 ,是一种公有的资源。法律上的水权 ,是水的使用权 ,主要包括私人所有的先占权水权、岸边权水权。在美国西部各州的水权系统中 ,有一种水权现在可以在私法框架中协调环境保护目标、各种取水权人的取水需求 ,这两者之间的冲突。这就是现在美国学术界广泛关注的内径流水权。内径流水权可以在私法领域保护水流的天然禀赋 ,并且排除政府以环境法为理由介入水事争端。随着环境主义在美国的破产[1] ,美国西部开始了大规模的水权裁决活动 ,通过水法院或者行政机构确认私有水权的优先权日 ,从而确立水权的优先权序列。这样水权就会真正成为属于分散的个体的、排他性的财产权。优先权日在先的水权将在枯水季节排除他人的取水权或者其他种类的用水权。因此 ,确立内径流水权在这个优先权序列中的地位 ,是环境保护目标在私法体系中 ,而不是在效率低下的各种环境保护法中 ,长久地得到维护的关键。内径流水权优先权日有 (1)判例法认定的日期 ;(2 )法律规定的日期 ;(3)转化生成的日期。在先占原则框架中扩张这种财产权可以更大程度地排除环境法的适用范围。     

战略环境评价在中国的发展及方法学探讨

本文在回顾和评述战略评价（SEA）的发展状况的基础上，从概念和实践的角度，对SEA方法学作了初步探讨，并提出SEA方法学研究的一般思路。     

农村水环境保护与经济可持续发展

我国的生态环境问题 ,如水土流失、草场退化、沙漠化、盐渍化等问题 ,归根到底还是农村水环境问题。本文分析了农村水环境保护、高效利用水资源的紧迫性 ,以及影响农村生态系统可持续性的因素和保护、改善农村水环境的主要措施 ;认为加强农村水环境保护及其持续发展能力的建设是我国整个社会特别是农村经济可持续发展的基本保障     

Influences of macroalga-derived dissolved organic carbon on the aquatic toxicity of copper and cadmium

In this study, the effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from macroalga (Sargassum) on the acute toxicity of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) to a freshwater cladoceran (Daphnia magna) was investigated. Potassium-loaded macroalga was incubated with ultrapure water to extract macroalgal DOC, which was then spiked with the constituents of the Elendt M7 hard water media. The 48 h median lethal concentration of Cu increased linearly with DOC levels but that of Cd was relatively independent of DOC levels (0-44 mg l(-1)). The independence of Cd toxicity on DOC level might be due to the competitive effect of high calcium concentrations in the media with Cd for the binding sites of DOC. The decreased Cu toxicity was a result of reduced Cu uptake as evidenced in a separate accumulation test. Also, the capability of the macroalgal DOC on reducing Cu toxicity was found to be comparable to DOC tested in other studies. Therefore, the present study suggested that the biosorption treatment process using macroalgae should consider the effect of DOC release from the biomass as a step of modifying the metal toxicity as well as influencing metal biosorption capacity.     

Sleepiness among night-time drivers: relationship to blood alcohol concentration and other factors

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore the distribution and correlates of subjective sleepiness among the general night-time driving population. METHODS: The survey took place in three British Columbia communities in June 2003 between 21:00 hours to 03:00 hours. Sites and vehicles were selected randomly. Surveyors obtained information on several demographic and situational variables including self-assessed degree of sleepiness and self-reported hours asleep and awake, as well as an objective measure of blood alcohol concentration obtained from a hand-held breath-testing device. RESULTS: The total compliance rate among intercepted drivers was 85%. Among the 2335 drivers responding to the questionnaire, 68.4% indicated that they were wide awake, 27.6% were somewhat sleepy, and 4.1% were very sleepy. Logistic regression quantified the independent contributions of the various factors to subjective sleepiness. Male drivers with positive blood alcohol concentrations under 50 mg% were more likely to report feeling sleepy than those with either higher or with zero blood alcohol concentration. Greater relative risk of sleepiness was also associated with being female, being under age 55, and advanced hour of night. Driving with passengers of the same gender was associated with lower reported sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of night-time drivers are driving while sleepy, especially at late night and early morning hours. The combination of alcohol and sleepiness compounds impairment in experimental studies and deserves greater attention in crash risk studies and as a topic for public education and awareness.     

回收法氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫机理和工艺基础研究

以氧化镁浆液作为吸收液,对空气与SO₂混合气的鼓泡吸收做了全过程的实验观察.测试分析表明,在高效而稳定的脱硫过程中,吸收液的酸化是由HSO₃^-所致;酸化趋势与SO₂水解规律相一致,由初期高pH值下SO₃^2-为主的缓变到低pH值下HSO₃^-为主的剧变;吸收液温度对脱硫率的影响不敏感;MgSO₃相对高的溶解度和易氧化性及MgSO₄良好的水溶性保持了MgO脱硫的高效率(>98%)和高利用率.燃煤烟气脱硫工业试验确认了MgSO₄经吸收液循环可提浓至实验温度(40～50℃)下的饱和浓度而不产生有害影响,脱硫率因脱硫活性物质的富集反而提高,从而显示出回收工艺的技术经济可行性.     

振动加载下转换型密封电磁继电器的性能退化行为研究

目的研究航空用继电器的失效机理。方法通过对电磁继电器进行振动与工作载荷单独施加以及二者综合加载情况下的试验方法及性能退化行为研究,实时监测继电器内部触点间接触电阻等性能参数的变化趋势,并对不同条件下触点表面的微观形貌进行对比分析。结果发现相比较工作载荷单独施加而言,振动应力的加入使得继电器的寿命大幅度降低,并使得触点表面呈现"雪花"一般的形貌。结论振动环境导致了触点之间电弧的变化,以及触点表面接触压力、接触面积和接触超程等,并通过燃弧时间和超程时间的变化趋势对其进行了验证。